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/ HB ZB15 

J iW6 fl4 JI**lUat#c 

!j 1898 i£_ 

Copy 1 

Persons ILmployed 

and 

Range of Employment 

IN 1898. 



[From the Ninth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial 
Statistics of Wisconsin, pp. 709 to 838. inclusive.) 



HALFORD ERICKSON, Commissioner. 
S. W. GILMAN, Deputy Commissioner. 




MADISON 

Democrat Printing Company, State Printer 

I900 



-3 






PART VI. 



Persons Employed and Range of Employment 
and Unemployment, by Months— Classified 
Weekly Earnings in Manufacturing and Mer- 
cantile Establishments — Coal, etc., Handling, 
Mining, Quarrying and Logging Operations 
in 1898. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



CONTINUATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT AND EARN- 
INGS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN 
1898, 1899. 

The two preceding parts, parts IV. and V., relate respectively, 
to our manufacturing industries in 1897-98 and 1898-99. The 
returns for each of the three years were obtained direct from 
the manufacturers. In part IV. that for 1897-98, 1499 such 
reports are included. Of these reports, 1,245 showed the number 
of private firms and corporations and the number of partners 
and stockholders; the amount of capital invested; the cost value 
of stock used ; the total amount paid as wages*; the total value of 
the goods made ; the number of persons employed and their em- 
ployment and earnings. The other 254 reports relate to the 
number of persons employed and their employment and earnings 
only. In part V., that for 1898-99, 992 reports are included. 
These reports were, in form and nature of the information given, 
exactly the same as the 1,245 reports which were included in part 
IV. In fact they differ only in this that they covered the busi- 
ness for different years. These 992 reports, however, do not 
constitute all the reports for 1898-99. In addition to them 221 
reports were received, which did not cover the whole business, 
but related only to the number of persons employed, and to their 
employment and earnings. These 221 reports were the same 
for the years covered as the 254 reports in part IV. ; but in this 
•case they were not, as in that part, presented along with those 
whicli were complete, or those covering the business done as well 
as the persons employed. The 221 incomplete reports for part 
IV. are not included in that part but presented here under the 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 7H 

above bead. Had part V. been made up as part IV. it should 
have included in addition to the 992 complete returns which it 
now contains, the 221 reports of employment and earnings 
which are given here. 

From this we see that two classes of reports were received, 
both for 1897-98 and 1898-99. The larger of these classes con- 
sists of 1,245 reports for the former and 992 for the latter 
period. The smaller consists of 254 for the former and 221 for 
the latter period. Those in the larger class we have called com- 
plete because they cover the business done as well as employment 
and earnings. Those in the smaller class are regarded as incom- 
plete because they relate to employment and earnings only, con- 
taining no facts as to the investment and output. Part IV. in- 
cludes both the complete and incomplete reports. Part V. in- 
cludes those which were complete only ; the incomplete ones are, 
as said already, presented in the following pages. 

The reasons for omitting the 221 reports which relate to em- 
ployment and earnings only, from part V., hardly need expla- 
nation. The main purpose there was to show the condition of 
business in the manufacturing industries in this state. For this 
purpose the complete returns were of much greater value than 
those less complete. Since they were more valuable it is also 
obvious that they would be more useful alone than when mingled 
with those of less value. When presented alone they also offer 
better and much more convenient opportunities for comparisons, 
as between the different elements, than in any other way. For 
these and other reasons it was thought best to present the two 
classes of returns for 1898-99 separately. 

As alluded to already, the presentations under this head have 
been compiled from 221 reports relating to the number of per- 
sons employed, and their employment and earnings in 1898-99. 
These reports were classified into 12 separate industries. 

The main presentations are made in three tables. The first 
in order of these, under the head of "Persons employed by 
months" show for each industry the number of male, female and 
total persons employed each month in 1898 and 1899. The sec- 
ond table in order, the one headed "Hour, Day and Piece 
Hands" shows bv industries the number of males over and under 



712 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

18 years respectively, and the number of females over and under 
18 years of age respectively, and also the total number, in each 
case, who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. The 
third in order, the table under "Classified Weekly Earnings," 
show, for each industry, the classified weekly earnings of the 
number employed therein. These tables appear in the order 
given. Then follows summaries and analysis of each, both 
separately, and when these summaries are combined with the 
corresponding ones in the preceding part, or of the 992 reports 
presented there. The results for both the complete and incom- 
plete returns, or of the 992 and 221 reports when combined, will 
thus, as far as the elements affected in both are concerned, be 
found in this part. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



713 



Persons employed by months. 



BEVERAGES (SOFT DRINKS). 
(18 establishments.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Months. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 




170 
182 
210 
223 
230 
245 
240 
221 
223 
199 
187 
1S4 


1 
1 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 


171 
1S3 
214 
227 
234 
249 
244 
224 
226 
202 
190 
188 


173 
174 
193 
214 
214 
233 
235 
227 
221 
201 
19S 
195 


2 
2 
3 
3 
3 

1 1 

2 
3 
3 
3 
2 


175 




176 


Mn roll 


196 




217 


May 


217 




| 236 


Julv 


238 


August 


229 




224 




204 




201 




197 







CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. 
(7 establishments.) 



January .. 
February 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 



50 


15 


52 


4 


56 


IS 


57 


13 


57 


12 


60 


12 


60 


12 


62 


12 


61 


13 


61 


13 


61 


13 


58 

1 


13 



55 
56 
69 
70 
69 
72 
72 
74 
74 
74 
74 
71 



56 
53 
66 
60 

58 
59 
63 
60 
74 
86 
66 
65 



12 
11 
10 
11 
9 
10 
12 
19 
20 
21 
21 
17 



67 
64 
66 
71 
67 
69 
76 
79 
94 
87 
86 
hi 



COAL AND WOOD. 

(23 establishments.) 





1.452 
1.181 
1 018 
1.122 
1.228 
1.345 
1.525 
1.747 
1.856 
2.012 
1.997 
1,847 




1.452 1 

1.181 

1.018 

1 122 

1.228 

1.345 

1.525 

1.747 

1.856 

2.012 

1 907 

1,847 


1.319 

| 1.315 

1.158 

1.070 

1.227 

1 408 

1.337 

1 1.784 

1 1.810 

1.875 

1.851 

1,452 




1.319 








1.345 


MarHi 







1.158 








1.070 


M;lV 






1.227 








1.408 








1.357 








1.784 








1.810 








1.875 








1.851 








1.452 











714 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



Persons employed by months. 



ELECTRIC LIGHT, POWER AND STREET RAILWAYS. 
(46 establishments.) 



Months. 



1898. 



Males. Females. Totals. 



1899. 



Males. Females. Totals 



January ... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December 



7S8 

785 

833 

922 

1,038 

1,048 

1,026 

1,012 

960 

960 

1,017 

941 



792 

789 

837 

926 

1,042 

1,053 

1,032 

1,018 

966 

966 

1,023 

947 



755 
786 
790 
825 
966 
977 
1,006 
952 
955 
967 
965 
876 



759 
790 
790 
829 
970 
981 
1,010 
956 
959 
971 
969 



FANCY ARTICLES. 
(5 establishments.) 



January ., 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 



| 83 


1 37 J 


148 


37 


94 


38 


111 


44 


113 


44 


109 


48 


109 


40 


1 110 


42 


117 


47 1 


125 


53 


123 


50 


1 130 


55 1 



120 


| 159 


185 


1 159 


132 


162 


155 


155 


157 


163 


157 


158 


149 


162 


152 


1 162 


164 1 


142 


178 


171 


173 1 


178 


185 


1 179 



80 

82 

72 

82 

84 

87 

97 

101 

96 

104 

104 

105 



239 
241 
234 
237 
247 
245 
259 
263 
238 
275 
282 
2S4 



FOOD PREPARATIONS. 

(27 establishments.) 



January . 
February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 
September 
October . . 
November 
December 



2,055 


81 


1,655 


79 


1,567 


81 


1,536 


81 


1,770 


86 


2,011 


515 


2,174 


429 


2,180 


423 


2,129 


562 


1,551 


88 


1,980 


113 


2,203 


117 



2,136 
1,734 
1.648 
1,617 
1.856 
2,526 
2.603 
2,603 
2.691 
1,639 
2,093 
2,320 



1,711 

1,665 
1,543 
1,507 
1,495 
1.765 
2,038 
1,902 
1,505 
1,658 
1,772 
1,814 



80 

84 

88 

86 

92 

285 

430 

409 

155 

139 

101 

76 



1,791 
1,739 
1.631 
1,593 
1,587 
2,050 
2,468 
2,311 
1,660 
1,797 
1,873 
1,890 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



715 



Persons employed by months. 



GRAIN AND WAREHOUSE MEN. 

(7 establishments.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Months. 


Males. 


Females 


Totals. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 




64 
10 
64 
66 

84 
77 
68 
74 




64 

10 
64 
66 


79 
68 
68 
65 
79 
85 
79 
85 
129 




79 








68 








68 








65 






84 
77 
68 
74 
133 
1 148 




79 









85 


July 






79 








85 




133 

| 148 






129 






| 


134 





I 134 




128 
108 




128 
108 


110 

85 





110 








85 











LAUNDRIES. 

(51 establishments.) 



January 166 

February | 163 

March | 165 

April I 170 

May 170 

June I 176 

July | 179 

August I 181 

September 182 

October 181 

November 176 

December 164 



400 
391 
392 
424 
453 
500 
517 
522 
499 
461 
443 
413 



566 
554 
557 
594 
623 
676 
696 
703 
681 
642 
619 
577 



154 


461 


162 


453 


191 


. 507 


171 


634 


171 


562 


171 


616 


183 


603 


171 


507 


185 


610 


176 


571 


110 


543 


192 


523 



LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. 

(6 establishments.) 



615 
615 
698 
805 
733 
787 
786 
678 
795 
747 
653 
715 



January . . 
February . 

March 

Aprn 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October ... 
November 
December 



322 


55 


323 


60 


316 


68 


339 


51 


313 


65 


323 


75 


300 


87 


301 


62 


344 


42 


328 


68 


308 


51 


348 


48 



377 
383 
384 
390 
378 
398 
387 
363 
386 
396 
359 
396 



301 


50 


298 


47 


298 


54 


304 


48 


292 


59 


295 


58 


291 


55 


291 


54 


309 


51 


301 


53 


305 


61 


309 


49 



351 
345 
352 
352 
351 
353 
346 
345 
360 
354 
366 
358 



716 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



Persons employed by months. 

MIXED TEXTILES. 
(6 establish^ nts.) 



Months. 



1898. 



Males. Females. Totals. 



January . 
February 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 



123 
125 
137 
160 
139 
143 
144 
131 
121 
135 
138 
137 



249 
259 
295 

287 



372 
384 
432 
447 



| 2S6 


425 


302 


445 


295 


439 


I 259 


390 


226 


347 


250 


385 


291 


429 


305 


442 



Males. Females. Totals 



132 
134 
141 
159 
157 
155 
143 
134 
140 
138 
142 
140 



325 
335 
342 
329 
3^4 
316 
2b8 
252 
244 
264 
291 
313 



457 
469 
483 
488 
4S1 
471 
411 
386 
384 
402 
433 
453 



RAILWAY EQUIPMENT. 

(13 establishments.) 



January . 
February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October . . 
November 
December 



4,846 


6 


4,821 


6 


4,865 


6 


4.913 


6 


4.976 


6 


4,992 


7 


4.925 


7 


5.083 


7 


5.115 


7 


5.120 


7 


5,019 


7. . 


5,055 


7 



4.852 

4,827 
4.871 
4.919 
4,982 
4.999 
4.932 
5.090 
5.122 
5.127 
5.026 
5,062 



4,981 
4.837 
4.822 
5.034 
5,117 
5.238 
5,199 
5.285 
5.567 
5.440 
5.225 
5,110 



4.98« 

4.842 
4.827 
5.039 
5,122 
5.243 
5.203 
5 290 
5.572 
5.445 
5.230 
5,115 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
(12 establishments.) 



January .. 
February 
March ... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 









632 


20 


652 


644 


21 


665 


653 


24 


677 


662 


24 


686 


673 


18 


691 


698 


23 


721 


409 


23 


432 


410 


24 


434 


702 


25 


727 


791 


25 


816 


681 


21 


702 


668 


19 


687 



639 


20 


643' 


22 


670 


24 


704 


32 


711 


35 


715 


24 


465 


28 


453 


32 


766 


37 


758 


34 


758 


30 


773 


26 



659 
665 
694 
736 
746 
739 
493 
4S5 
803 
792 
788 
799 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



717 



Persons employed by the hour, day, and piece. 

BEVERAGES (SOFT DRINKS). 
(18 establishments.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Classification. 


a 

00 

1^* CO . 

CD re CD 


la's 

CS 
CD 00 . 

2 * & 

s?> 

fa 


a 

Z 30 . 

M t - 

33 ^ CC 
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ST3 ;>> 


OO 

.3a>£ 

S a © 
fa 


CO 

CD 

CO 

Qt 
CD 
u 
ol 

Ql 


T3 

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""• CO . 

w u u 

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2"S 

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CD CO . 

re c3 Oj 
g CD > 

CD ^ 3 

fa 


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CO 
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S 2 « 

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fa 


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es 
bo 

CD 

to 
bo 




10 
212 


1 

2 3 15 

2 27 241 














204 
3 


3 

2 


35 
5 


5 


247 




| 


10 




| i 1 








222 


■ 
4 


30 




256 


207 


5 


40 


5 


257 



CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. 
(7 establishments.) 





32 

33 




...| 


32 

S 


1 a 
1 








13 


io 5 


■'•••••• 


i 


2 


i 


54 
21 










65 


15 


3 




83 


64 


20 

! 


2 


2 


88 



COAL AND WOOD. 

(23 establishments.) 





1.799 14 

410 , 1 
19| J 




1,7931 1,625 
4111 283 
1911 31 
II 


1 


5 




1.630 






283 










31 
















Aggregates 


2,208] 15 




2,223il 1,939 
II 


\ 


5 




1,944 



ELECTRIC LIGHT, POWER AND STREET RAILWAYS. 
(46 establishments.) 





144 

948 

3 


2 
4 


12 


146 

964 

3 


92 

915 

14 

| 








92 




5 

1 


9 




929 




15 


















1,095 


6 


12 


1,113 


1 1,021 

1 


6 


9 




1,038 



718 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



Persons employed by the hour, day, and piece. 



FANCY ARTICLES. 
(5 establishments.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Classification. 


a 

so fc> £ 

a> co <D 

3 


2S 

CS 
00 

CD 03 . 

2 * ® 

a * > 

g>>0 


a 

CO t- 

cd <- as 
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4 


30 

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o 

CB 
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£ CD > 

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83*0 >s 

a 


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(J) S3 -*> 

fa 


01 

53 

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be 

in 

■3 




1 
1 1 


1 
.. 1 | 


9 

139 

21 


64 


3 

16 


41 


12 




971 301 15 
31| 2| j 


7 149 
2 351 


260 
21 














Aggregates 1 


1281 


32| 

1 


15 


9 


184 1 


169 


64 


19 


41 


293 



FOOD PREPARATIONS. 

(27 establishments.) 



By the hoar 1.084 87 95 

By the day 1,123 68 67 

By the piece j 441 481 1 

' Aggregates j 2,2511 203) 162 



101 1,367 
.... 1,258 
.... 921 



958 

1,181 

12 



101 2,71711 2,1511 



169 

10 



179 



95 

107 



1,517 

1,364 

94 



2021 2,975 



GRAIN AND WAREHOUSE MEN. 

(7 establishments.) 





10 

145 

6 


1 




10 

145 

6 

161 


















135 








135 




1 














1 
















101 






135 

1 








135 




1 













LAUNDRIES. 

U>1 establishments.) 



By the hour . 
By the day.. 
By the piece 



Aggregates 



3 

181 



311 
436 



42 

7011 



1841 



4671 
I 



26 1 



66 1 



10 

176 



52 

530 



743|| 186 1 582] 



49 



64 

760 



49| 824 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



719 



Persons employed by the hour, day, and piece. 



LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. 



(6 establishments.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Weekly Earnings. 


a 

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00 

*■« CO . 

00 u u 

-3 s> > 

a 


03 
CO 
CD CO . 

5 CO CD 
g CD > 


§3, 
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cs-a >. 


oo 
coT 

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OS'S CB 

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126 


8 
9 


65 
49 


! 
32 
8 


201 
192 


82 
191 

2 


4 
34 


21 
22 


17 


107 




264 




2 






















Aggregates 


222 


17 


114 


40 


393't 

1 


275 


38 


43 


17 


373 



MIXED TEXTILES. 
(6 establishments.) 





:., \ 


52 
69 
23 


17 
95 


25 

141 

5 

171 


94 

370 

36 

500 












71 
15 


109 
36 


84 
27 


53 
140 


317 




218 


Aggregates 


•■! i 


144 


112 


86 


145 


111 


193 


535 



RAILWAY EQUIPMENT. 

(13 establishments.) 



By the hour | 4,8221 6| 16] 

By the day I 3221 II 

By the piece 17 

Aggregates J 5.161] 71 16 



I II 

1| 4.84511 5,321 



323 
17 



5,18511 5,429 
II 



611 



5,387 
48 
60 



5,495 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
(12 establishments.) 





144 




162 
49 


i 


306 

437 

9 














367 20 

4 5 


506 
95 


26 
6 


221 


8 


761 




101 
















515 


25 


211 


1 


752 


601 
1 


32 


221 


8 


862 



720 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



Classified weekly earnings. 

BEVERAGES. (SOFT DRINKS.) 
(18 establishments.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Classification. 


a 

CO * £ 

CO >»© 


a 

co 

® CO . 

2 co a 
fa 


a 

CO t- 
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co -a r-. 


CO 

® S £ 
a g| 

CD 3 .-, 
fa 


CO 

CD 

•4-» 

' OS 

5 

CD 

w> 

60 
•Jl 


$25.00 per wk. and over 
20.00 but under $26.00. 
18.00 but under 20.00. 


1 
1 
8 
10 
20 
26 
7 
19 
24 
13 
471 
39 








1 

1 

8 
10 
20 
26 

7 
19 
24 
14 
471 
40 

2 

8 

I 

16 
3 


i 

2 
5 

11 

8 
28 
17 
23 
32 
14 
48 
16 








1 














2 














5 


15.00 but under 18.00. 














11 


13.00 but under 15.00. 














8 


12.00 but under 13.00. 














28 


11.00 but under 12.00. 














17 


10.00 but under 11.00. 














23 


9.00 but under 10.00. 














32 


8.00 but unuer 9.00. 


1 




1 






15 


7.00 but under 8.00. 











48 


6.00 but under 7.00. 


1 


...... 




2 






18 


5.50 but under 6.00. 


2 

7| 












5.00 but under 5.50. 


i 

6 
4 

16 
3 









7 

! 

15 
4 




2 
3 


7 


4.50 but under 5.00. 
4.00 but under 4.50. 


1 


2 


8 
8 


3.50 but under 4.00. 






1 


3.00 but under 3.50. 






17 


2.50 but under 3.00. 








7 





















j 


















Under $1.50 

* 


I 












1 




1 




1 






j 







Totals 


2221 4 
1 


301 
1 


256 |j 207 
II 


5 


40 


6 


257 







CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. 



(7 establishments.) 



$25.00 per 

20.00 but 

18.00 but 

15.00 but 

13.00 but 

12.00 but 

11.00 but 

10.00 but 

9.00 but 

8.00 but 

7.00 but 

6.00 but 

5.50 but 

5.00 but 

4.50 but 

4.00 but 

3.50 but 

3.00 but 

2.50 but 

2.00 but 

1.50 but 

Under $1. 



wk. and overl. 
under $25.00.1 
under 20.00. 



under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
50 



18.00. 
iu.OO. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

3.50. 

2.00. 



Totals 



65 



15 



2 
4 
4 
4 
8 
6 
6 
6 
8 
5 
11 
2 

41] 
311 
HI 
311 
411 
21 



S3 



20 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



721 



Classified weekly earnings. 



ELECTRIC LIGHT, POWER AND STREET RAILWAYS. 



(46 establishments.) 





1 

1898. 


1899. 


Weekly Earnings. 


a 

X) !C 

x '- £ 

CO flfl'cO 

— e > 
cS >i 

3 


a 

CO 

cd co . 

2 <s a> 

£ o > 
© >-. C 


a 

3 00 ■ 

— 0] 

to *- 
ffl t- cj 
— ' C o 

2 


oo 
CO . 

E § « 

© «-3 ?*i 


CO 

o 

c« 
to 

CD 

t- 

be 

fcJ3 

< 




x> ca 

CO . 

71 fH ■- 

ca cs o 

— i CD t> 

cS ;*■„ c 


oo' 

2 a 
<a 

CO 

CD CO . 

-* u u 
cs jj a. 


"cc-c :>. 


'i> ,; 
6 °? 

CD » f^ 


CO 

CD 

CS 
to 

CD 

(-4 

to 

tUD 


$25.00 per wk. and over| 
20.00 but under $25.00. 
18.00 but under 20.00. 


I- 


4 








4 


10 

171 
78 
55 


1 | 


10| 


9 

17 

76 

70 

124 

114 

101 

365 

78 

18 

1 6 

3 

2 

9 

1 

5 

10 

9 




1.. 


9 




171 

78 

551 

701 

55| 

1721 

3301 

134 1 

125] 

181 

21 

2 

121 
11 

l\ 

121 

! 









17 


15.00 but under IS. 00. 


| 








76 


13.00 but under 15.00. 


1 








70 


12.00 but under 13.00. 


70 
55 
172 
330 
133 
123 










124 


11.00 but under 12.00. 










114 


10.00 but under 11.00. 




1 






102 


9.00 but under 10. 00. 




, 






365 


8.00 but under 9.00. 


1 
2 




1 
1 






79 


7.00 but under 8.00. 








19 


6.00 but under 7.00. 


16 2 







2 
1 


1 


)• 8 


5.50 but under 6.00.. 


i 

12 

""'61 

5] 


1 






1 




5 


. 5.00 but under 5.50. 










2 


4.50 but under 5.00. 








1 
1 




10 


4.00 but under 4.50. 


i 






2 


3 50 but under 4.00. 






5 


3.00 but under 3.50. 












10 


2.50 but under 3.00. 


i 


12 






2 
1 




11 


2.00 but under 2.50. 




1 


1.50 but under 2.00. 






1 


:::::: 




2! 

J l 


2 


Under $1.50 .. 


| 




1 


i 




1 




1 ' ' 




| 









Totals 


1,095 


6 


12 




1,113 


1,021 


6 


9 




1.036 




1 



COAL AND WOOD. 



(23 establishments.) 



$25.00 per wk. and over 
20 00 but under $25.00. 


78 










1 
7SI 


129 
61 
18 
84 
496 
36 s 




129 


451 1 I 1 45i 


1 1 


61 


18 00 but under 20.00. 


36 
68 
84 




| 


361 
6SI 
84| 








18 


15.00 but under 18.00. 












84 


13.00 but under 15.00. 












496 


12.00 but under 13.00. 


417 

216 

232 

490 

325 

161 

27 

17 

3 

4 

4 

1 




4171 


1 1 


368 


11.00 but under 12.00. 


::::::l:::::: :::::: 


2161 

2321 

4901 

3251 

1611 

271 

171 

31 

81 

41 

21 

31 

4! 

11 

I 


64 
341 
335 
26 
12 
1 








64 


10.00 but under 11.00. 


i 









341 


9.00 but under 10.00. 










335 


8.00 but under 9.00. 










26 


7.00 but under 8.00. 






1 




13 


6.00 but under 7.00. 






1 


5.50 but under 6.00. 








1 





1 


5.00 but under 5.50. 


i 










4.50 but under 5.00. 
4.00 but under 4.50. 


I 4 




3 




3 




6 


3.50 but under 4.0<). 





1 
3 

4 

1 






1 








1 


3.00 but under 3.50. 















2 50 but under 3.00. 
























1.50 but under 2.00. 













Under $1.50 






2 





21 
| 


























Totals 


2,2081 , , | 15 
1 1 




2,2231 

1 


1,939 




5 




1,944 







46 



722 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



Classified weekly earnings. 



FANCY ARTICLES. 
(5 establishments.) 



1898. 



Weekly Earnings. 3 



a 


2 a 


1 


w 


CO 


















CD C3 CD 


CO Cfl CD 


cfl *2 




cm 

CD 


:~ CD > 


S CD > 

5 >»o 


-S © CD 






S >. C 


COTJ >s 


;s>> 




N 


fe 


* 


tiM 


* 



fl» ^ 



ass 



$25.00 per wk. and over 
20.00 but under $25.00. 



18.00 but under 

15.00 but under 

13.00 but under 

12.00 but under 

11.00 but under 

10.00 but under 

9.00 but under 

8.00 but under 

7.00 but under 

6.00 b:it under 

5.50 but under 

5.00 but under 

4.50 but under 

4.00 but under 

3.50 but under 

3.00 but under 

2.50 but under 

2.00 but under 

1.50 but under 

Under $1.50 



20.00 
18.00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

2.50. 

2.00. 



Totals 



1281 



32 



15 



1841 



169 



64 



19 



41 



FOOD PREPARATIONS. 

(27 establishments.) 



$25.00 per wk. an 


1 over 
$25.00. 
20.00. 
18.00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

2.50 

2.00. 


281 

10 

7 

45 

128 ; 

195 

44 

257 

272 

436 

487 

120 

57 

55 

72 

14 

7 

4 

13 








II 
2S|| 

ion 

711 
45|| 
12811 
19511 
44|| 
25711 
272|l 
43611 
500|| 
145|l 
571| 
6411 
106||. 
12111 
40||. 
120|| 
6111 
70||. 
HI- 
II. 


38 

39 

39 

109 

108 

211 

56 

394 

581 

150 

' 254 

50 

14 

29 

51 

18 
10 




* 




38 


20.00 but under 












39 


18.00 but under 














39 


15.00 but under 














109 


13.00 but under 














108 


12.00 but under 














211 


11.00 but under 












56 


10.00 but under 












394 


9.00 but under 














581 


8.00 but under 






1 
101 
31 
41 
• 12 
46 
73 
32 
8S 
18 






151 






13 

13 










355 


6.00 but under 


12 




29 
13 

6 
77 

1 

24 
14 

7 

8 




2 

4 

15 

69 

109 

1 

2 


110 
70 




9 

9 

103 

14 

20 

12 

10 












47 


4.50 but under 
4.00 but under 
3.50 but under 
3.00 but under 
2.50 but under 
2.00 but under 


22 
4 
9 

95 

10 


33 



10 

1 

36 
50 

1 


127 
125 
71 
189 
144 
9 


1.50 but under 






2 


Under $1.50 .... 






































Totals . , 


2,251 

I 


203 


152 

1 


101 


2,707J| 
! II 


2,151 


443 


179 


202 


2,975 



MANUFACTURERS - RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



723 



Classified weekly earnings. 



GRAIN AND WAREHOUSE MEN. 



(7 establishments.) 









1898 










1899 






Wbeklt Earnings. 


n3 

a 

CB 
oo 

•-i CO ■ 

co ** t - 
m a <d 

d ? a 

s^ 


si 

CS 
CO 

CD CO ■ 

2 =8 ® 
a CD > 


d 

p30 . 
f-l CO 

m , b 

^ ^1 ~ 
— < I - 


00 

a^ 3 « 
J4 


CO 

© 

cS 
M 
© 

to 

< 


— 


'oo 

CO ^ 1 - 

1' " ~ 
•—< © > 


si 

CD co • 

2 CS © 

P © t> 

S-.c 


Males un- 
der 18 

years. 

Females 
under 18 
years. 


CB 

n) 
Mi 
CD 

M 
if 


$25.00 per wk. and over 


2 

1 

5 

6 

47 

23 

11 

47 








2 

1 

5 

6 

47 

23 

11 

47 


2 

1 

5 

10 

77 

22 

■3 

2 








2 


20.00 but under $25.00. 




■■ 










1 


18.00 But under 20.00. 














5 


15.00 but under 18.00. 














10 


13.00 but under 15.00. 














77 


12.00 but under 13.00. 














22 


11.00 but under 12.00. 














3 


10.00 but under 11.00. 














2 


9.00 but under 10.00. 


16 
1 


1 


16 1 1 


1.'. 


10 


8.00 but under 9.00. 






21 
I 


3 








3 


7.00 but under 8,00, 
6.00 but under 7.00. 















5.50 but under 6.00. 














5.00 but under 5.50. 




1 




| 










4.50 but under 5.00. 









| 










4.00 but under 4.50. 










| 










3.50 but under 4.00. 










|| | 








3.00 but under 3.50. 










|| | 








2.50 but under 3.00. 




1 i 


|| | 








2.00 but under 2.50. 


1 | 1 


II ::;.;: 











1.50 but under 2.00. 














Under $11 50 






i 










f 




ii 








Totals .'. 


161! 




1 




16111 135 

II 








135 



















LAUNDRIES. 

(51 establishments.) 



$25.00 per wk. an 


cl over 

$25.00. 
20.00. 




1 




1 












20.00 but under 


1 


1 




i! 
1 


2 
1 
13 
19 
16 
13 
28 
38 

>! 

16 
5 
4 
4 
1 
2 










2 


IS. 00 but under 














1 


15.00 but under 


18.00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

2.50. 

2.00. 


14 

10 

13 

11 

30 

38 

23 

12 

11 

7 

7 

4 

1 

2 

...... 








141 
10 
131 
111 
32| 
471 
331 
381 
991 
48| 
1101 
611 
741 
50 1 
55 1 
381 
61 
31 
1 








13 


13.00 but under 














19 


12.00 but under 














16 


11.00 but under 














13 


10.00 but under 


2 

9 

10 

25 

88 

41 

103 

52 

60 

38 

28 

6 

3 

2 






3 

4 

8 

31 

120 

54 

142 

52 

84 

50 

25 

7 

2 








31 


9.00 but under 










42 


8.00 but under 










17 


7.00 but under 










46 


6.00 but under 








, 


136 










1 


60 








1 


147 


4.50 but under 
4.00 but under 
3.50 but under 
3.00 but under 
2.50 but under 
2.00 but under 


2 
3 
3 

7 
10 


3 
10 

7 

20 
22 

3 

1 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


6 

7 

29 

6 


57 
92 
60 
55 
14 
3 


Under $1.50 


1 1 




| 1 1 









1 


...... 

| 








Totals 


184 


467 


26 66 


7431 
1 


186 


582 


7 


49 


824 











724 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



Classified weekly earnings. 



LITHOGRAPHING AND ENGRAVING. 







(6 establishments.) 














1898. • 


1899. 


Weekly Earnings. 


a 

^ IX . 
05 *-t U 

o rt a> 
H © > 


to 

O 'O . 

s x X 

g a, > 


3» A 

— 1 cd c 


00 
J5S£ 
B = § 


O 

C3 
M 


tt 

-1 
<< 


d 

s S Si 

3 >,c 

3 


T. 

« OJ . 

2 a c 
S v > 

En 


a 

CO , >- 
cu w ro 
-5 a. 
~~ >-. 


CO 

— < ^ ti 
S 2 a 

5n 


a> 
«a 

bo 


$25.00 per wk. and over 
20.00 but under $25.00. 
IS. 00 but under 20.00. 


16 
15 
35 
25 
11 
15 
11 
14 
15 
15 
11 
19 
7 
5 
4 


1 


16 
15 1 
35| 
251 

11 1 
15 1 
HI 

141 

161 

151 

12 

23 1 

71 

91 

6 

18! 

171 

55 

39| 

34| 

1 


18 

20 

29 

22 

11 

12 

11 

27 

6 

13 

22 

22 

7 

11 

6 

9 

9 

14 

5 

1 








18 














20 














29 


15 00 but under 18.00. 














22 


13 00 but under 














11 


12.00 but under 13.00. 














12 


11.00 but under 12.00. 












11 


10.00 but under 11.00. 






1 






28 


9.00 but under 10. 00. 


1 








6 


8.00 but under 9.00. 










13 


7.00 but n 


1 
1 






1 
1 






23 


6.00 but under 7. re. 


3 








2.1 


5.50 but under 6.00. 






7 


5.00 but Tinder 5.50. 


1 


3 
2 










11 


4.50 but under 5.00. 


4 

7 

4 

14 

6 






10 


4.00 but under 4.50. 
3.50 but. under 4.00. 

2.50 but under 3.00. 

1.50 but under 2.00. 


21 9 
21 4 

| 


7 

9 2 
31 24 

28| 6 


1 

7 
25 
7 
3 


17 


17 
20 
53 
36 
4 


Under $1.50 
















1 ii 








Totals 


222| 171 114| 40'| 393'l'| 2751 381 43 1 .171 373 
1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 





MIXED TEXTILES. 
(6 establishments.) 



$25.00 per wk. an 


] over 

$25.00. 
20.00. 
18.00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

2.50. 

2.00. 


\ 




1 












20.00 but under 


2 

2 

4 

10 

13 

2 

9 

16 

4 

4 

5 

2 








21 
2 

41 

101 

131 

all 

201 
131 
151 
261 
381 
201 
131 
471 
231 
421 
571 
631 
501 
251 


2 

2 

4 

12 

17 

2 

7 

9 

5 

10 

. 5 

6 

3 
2 














2 


18.00. but under 














2 


15.00 but under 








1 






5 


13.00 but under 












12 


12.00 but under 














17 


11.00 but under 








1 






3 


10.00 but under 


6 
4 
9 
10 
17 
28 
14 
7 

31 
3 

12 
2 










7 


9.00 but under 












9 


3.00 but under 






3 
IS 
29 
27 
11 
13 
26 

3 
11 

2 






8 


7.00 but under 


1 

4 

6 

1 

2 

6 

14 

12 

22 

2i 

22 




2 

5 

4 

10 

6 

18 

33 

41 

27 

25 






28 


6.00 but' under 






34 


5.50 but under 
5.00 but under 
4.50 but under 
4.00 but under 
3.50 but under 
3.00 but under 
2.50 but under 
2.00 but under 




1 
1 
24 
10 
13 
14 
22 
11 
15 


1 

7 

16 
13 
37 
36 
64 
13 

6 


34 
13 

47 
54 
29 
62 

60 

75 


1.50 but under 







28 


Under $1.50 







6 











...... 








Totals 


73 


144 


112 


171 


500 


86 


145 


HI 


193 


535 







MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



725 



Classified weekly earnings. 



RAILWAY EQUIPMENT. 
(13 establishments.) 





1898. 


J 899. 


Weekly Earnings. 


a 

-* CO . 

71 =- >- 

cd cd © 
<-< <D > 


2^ 

a 

© CO . 
CD >»0 


a 

- r x 
-— >■. 


CO 

to . 

~ o ? 
aJT) 3 

a a c 


01 
cd 
M 

SI 

< 


T3 

a 

«S 

^ co . 

CO *« t« 
£ C8 O 

-X © t» 
CC >, c 

3 


2 d 

a) 

CO 

© CO . 

« co © 

a © =» 


a 
p=o ■ 

■■* CO 
CO u 

- ~ J! 

3 


CO 
to . 

.2 ©2 

5)^3 cC 

O P >! 

fa 


CO 

© 

OJ 

bo 
© 

Si 

OB 


$25.00 per wk. and over 
20.00 but under $25.00. 


31 

291 

118 

413 

598 

442 

179 

629 

1,065 

575 

706 

76 

16 

12 

9 

1 




1 


1 

311 

291 

118 

413 

598 

442 

181 

630 

1,066 

575 

709 

93 

16 

12 

9 


27 

317 

150 

451 

608 

. 485 

2,24 

654 

1,129 

551 

714 

84 

13 

11 

10 








27 














317 














150 


15.00 but under 18.00.1 
13 00 but under 15 00 














451 














608 
















485 




2 
1 
1 












224 


10.00 but under 11.00. 












654 






1 

1 

3 






1,130 


8 00 but under 9 00 










552 


7.00 but under 8.00. 
6.00 but under 7.00. 
5.50 but under 6.00. 


2 


16 


1 






717 


1 


10 

2 




94 

15 










11 


4.50 but under 5.00. 










11 




21 


4.00 but under 4.50. 


1.. 


1 1 


14 












1 




4 


4 


3 00 but under 3 50 












| 




2 
3 
5 
3 

8 




2 














| 




3 


















5 















1 




3 












II 




8 












5,1851 










5,161' 7 

1 


16 


1 


1 5,429 

1 


5 


61 




5,495 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



t 








II 
181 93 








93 


20!00 but under $25.00. 
18 00 but under 20 00 


46 

6 
31 

3 
67 

1 
49 
51 
53 
94 
49 

3 
13 
17 
12 

2 








46 1 

61 

, 311 

31 

671 

11 

49| 

521 

541 

971 

491 

3 

13 1 

22| 

131 

1051 

1151 

61 

21 

| 


5 

5 
15 
16 
31 
34 
60 
96 
73 
75 
• 59 

3 

10 
14 

2 

8 
2 








5 














5 


15.00 but under 18.00. 
13 00 but under 15.00. 














15 














16 


12 00 but under 13.00. 














31 


11 00 but under 12 00 














34 


10.00 but under 11.00. 
9 00 but under 10 00. 














60 


1 
1 
3 






1 
3 
4 






97 


8 00 but under 9 00 










76 


700 but under 8. CO. 










79 


6.00 but under 7.00. 










59 














3 
















10 


4.50 but under 5.00. 
4.00 but under 4.50. 


2 

1 

10 

7 


3 




2 

4 
7 
3 
6 

1 


2 
3 
167 
34 
6 
3 
2 
2 


4 

4 


18 
9 


3.50 but under 4.00. 
3.00 but under 3.50. 
2.50 but under 3.00. 
2.00 but under 2.50. 


93 

107 
6 
2 


1 


174 

49 

18 

4 








2 












| 






2 












j 








Totals 


515 


25 


211 


1 


752| 
1 


601 


32 


221 


8 


862 











'26 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



PERSONS EMPLOYED BY MONTHS. 

Of the preceding three tables, the first in order slices, for 
each industry included, the number of male, female and total 
persons employed each month in 1898 and 1899. Only twelve 
industries are included in this table. Of these at least five could 
be classed as Non-Manufacturing industries, although some of 
them are mixed in this respect. 

•In order that a better idea of the importance of these indus- 
tries may be had, and also for the purposes of analysis, the 
twelve industries in the above table have been combined in such 
a way as to show, for all, the number employed each month. As 
thus combined they are presented together in the following ex- 
hibit. This exhibit therefore shows for 221 establishments in 12 
industries, the total number of male, female and total persons 
employed each month for the two years covered. 

NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED BY MONTHS IN 1898, 1899. 
(221 establishments in 12 industries.) 



Months. 



1898. 



Males. 



Females 



Totals. 



1899. 



Males. 



Females, 



Totals 



January . 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 



10.751 
10,089 
9,978 
10 281 
10,791 
11,727 
12,669 
12.S92 
12,043 
11.611 
11.815 
11.843 



862 

925 

938 

978 

1,491 

1,420 

1,360 

1,430 

974 

998 

987 



11,619 
10,951 
10,903 
11,219 
11,769 
13,218 
14,089 
14,252 
13,473 
12,585 
12.813 
12,830 



10,458 
10,314 
10,092 
10,268 
10,650 
11,259 
11,221 
11,506 
11,803 
11,885 
11,679 
11,190 



1,039 
1,045 
1,105 
1,234 
1,177 
1,408 
1,504 
1,385 
1,225 
1,198 
1,163 
l.lzO 



11,497 
11,359 
11,197 
11,502 
11,827 
12,667 
12,725 
12,891 
13,028 
13,083 
12,842 
12,310 



For 1898 and 1899 the above exhibit shows, for the establish- 
ments included, the number of persons each month. Thus as an 
example of what it exhibits we may mention that of 11,619 per- 
sons employed in January, 1898, 10,751 were males, and 868 
were females. Of the total persons employed in January 1899, 
10,458 were males and 1,039 females. For both years the 
smallest number are found in March. The variation, however, 
as between the months is not great. In 1898 the greatest number 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



727 



employed are found in June, and the next year in Qctober. For 
the males, when considered alone, the greatest number are in the 
same months, but for females it is in .1 uly both years. 

In the next exhibit, the figures in the one above have been 
combined with those for the 992 establishments presented in the 
last part. The next exhibit therefor shows the number each 
month for 1.213 establishments or the total number reporting. 



TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED BY MONTHS IN 189S AND 1899. 
(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 



Months. 



January 61,395 

February | 62,150 

March | 65,047 

April | 7u,928 

May I 74,735 

June i 1 4.447 

July I 74,049 

August | 73,988 

September . .-.' ! 73,497 

October 1 72,963 

November i 70,664 

December 67,231 



J 898. 



Males. Females Totals. 



9,223 
9,545 
9,856 
10,138 
10,106 
10,667 
10,566 
10,569 
10,794 
10,425 
10,454 
10,206 



70,618 
71,695 
74,903 
81,066 
84,841 
85,114 
84,615 
84,557 
84,291 
83,388 
SI, 118 
77,437 



1 899. 



Males. 



69,051 
69,843 
71,068 



Females 



10,466 
10,604 
11,022 



Totals. 



| 74,149 
| 79,651 


11,099 


11,303 


|| 80,070 


11,590 


80,616 


11,823 


81,395 


11,792 


80,141 


11,732 


79,958 


12,031 


78,929 


11 841 


75,961 


11,658 


1 





79,517 
80,447 
82,090 
85,248 
90,954 
91,660 
92,439 
93,187 
91,873 
91,989 
90,770 
87,619 



As said, the above exhibit shows the total number- employed 
each month by the 1,213 establishments which reported for the 
two years. The exhibit is of the greatest importance. It throws 
more light upon the actual average number employed, the pro- 
portion of males and females, the average number of persons to 
each establishment, and the range of employment and unem- 
ployment than any other exhibit in this series. In 1898, the total 
number employed ranged from 70,618 in January, which was 
the lowest, number, to 85,1 11, in June, which was the highest. 
In 1899 the lowest is also for January, but the highest is in 
August. The low point of employement is thus at the beginning 
of the year. From January there is a gradual increase in num- 
ber. A high point is reached in the spring and continues high 
through the summer. In the latter part of the fall, or towards 
the end of the year, there is a gradual decrease. This in brief y 
is about the course each year, both in this and former cases. 



728 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



PER CENT. OF MALES AND FEMALES OF THE AVERAGE NUMBER C-F 

PERSONS EMPLOYED EACH MONTH IN 189S, 1899. 

(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 



Months. 



Male 
per cent. 



Female 
per cent . 



Total | Male 
per cent, i per cent 



Female 
per cent. 



Total 
per cent. 



January . 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 



86.94 
86.69 
86.84 
87.49 
88.09 
87.47 
87.o^ 
87.50 
S7.19 
&i.50 
87.11 



13.06 
13.31 
13.16 
12.51 
11.91 
12.53 
12.48 
12.50 
12.81 
12.50 
12.89 
13.18 



100. 
100, 
100, 
100, 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100, 
100. 
100. 
100. 



86.84 
86.82 
87.78 
86.98 
87.57 
87.36 
87.21 
87.33 
87.23 
86.92 
86.95 
S6.69 



13.16 
13.18 
12.22- 
13.02 
12.43 
12.64 
12.79 
12.67 
12.77 
13.08 
13.05 
13.31 



100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 



The above exhibit relates to all returns, and, if it is of interest 
to know the relative proportion of male and female employes in 
our manufacturing institutions then this exhibit is interesting. 
It shows the per cent, of males and females each month through- 
out both yeajs. As to number, the relation of the two sexes 
seems to be about the same as in former presentation of this 
kind. Any change that has taken place is slight. The average, 
for each year, seems to be between 12 and 13 per cent, for the 
females, and 87 and 88 per cent, for the males. Upon these 
points, however, more definite figures will be given later. Jan- 
uary, 1898, shows 86.94 per cent, of males and 13.06 per cent, of 
females. The same month in 1899 gives the males at 86. 84 and 
the females at 13.16 per cent. This indicates an increase for 
the latter year of one-tenth of one per cent. The highest per 
cent, of females is 13.31 in 1898 and 1899. While at the highest 
point the per cent, for both years is the same, it occurs in differ- 
ent months. In 189S, February, and in 1899, December had the 
greatest number of females. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



729 



MONTHLY AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO EACH ESTABLISHMENT. 
(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 



Months- 


Average num- 
ber of persons 
to each estab- 
lishment in 169S. 


Average num- 
ber of persons 
to each estab- 
lishment in 1899. 




58 
59 
62 
66 
70 
70 
70 
70 
69 
69 
67 
64 


66 




67 




68 




70 




75 




76 


July 


76 




77 




76 




76 




75 




72 







The preceding exhibit shows, for each year, the average num- 
ber of persons to each establishment when all returns, or the 
1,213 reports are included. The exhibit therefore throws much 
light not only upon the importance of the establishments in- 
cluded, but upon the fluctuations in employment from month to 
month. As the total number of persons was greater in 1899, it 
is only self-evident that the average should be so also, since the 
the same divisor was used. The highest average number in 
1898 is TO, while in 1899 it is 77, a difference of 7 persons. This 
relation, however, is not maintained each month. In one month 
the difference is only 4, and in others 8 persons. This is as be- 
tween the two years. In 1898 the lowest number was 58 and the 
highest 70, a range of 12 persons. In 1899 the lowest was 66, 
and the highest 77, a range of 11 persons, or one person less 
than for the preceding year. 



T 30 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



MONTHLY RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 



(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 



Months. 



Range of 


Range of 


Range 


employ- 


employ- 


of unem- 


ment in 


ment in 


ployment 


189i. 


1899. 


in 1898. 


82.96 


85.33 


17.04 


84.24 


86.32 


15.76 


88.00 


88.09 


12.00 


95.24 


91.48 


4.76 


99.69 


97.60 


.32 


100.00 


98.36 
99.19 




99.41 


.59 


99.34 


100.00 


.66 


99.03 


98.58 


.97 


97.97 


98.71 


2.03 


95.30 


97.41 


4.70 


90.97 


94.03 


9.03 



Rang© 
of unem- 
ployment 

in 1699. 



January .. 
February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October . . 
November 
December 



14.67 

12.68 

11.91 

8.62 

2.40 

1.64 

.81 



1.42 
1.29 
2.59 
5.97 



In this exhibit is found the range of employment and unem- 
ployment for each of the years covered, when all, or the 1,213 
establishments are included. By the range of employment or 
unemployment is meant the difference in per cent, between the 
month when the greatest number of persons were employed and 
the number employed in each one of the other months. This 
may be better illustrated as follows. In 1898 the greatest num- 
ber of persons for any month is that of June. This month there- 
fore is the one when there was full employment, that is, all who 
could find work in our factories were then employed. The per 
cent, for this month is 100. For each of the other months the 
per cent, is lower than this, so much lower as the number em- 
ployed. The number employed in January constituted only 
82.96 per cent, of those employed in June. In January 17.04 
per cent, were thus unemployed. This was the lowest month for 
employment. In February the same year those employed con- 
stituted 84.24 per cent, of those employed in June, and those 
unemployed 15.76 per cent, From the beginning of the year 
up to June, the per cent, employed grows greater from month to 
month, while those unemployed grows smaller. From June down 
to the- end of the year the reverse is true. In other words, the 
per cent, employed is decreasing and the per cent, unemployed 
increasing from one month to another, until the end of the year. 
December thus shows that only 90.97 per cent, were employed, 
while 9.0v3 per cent, were unemployed. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 73 1 

For 1899 the course, as a whole, shows the same tendencies as 
in 1898, with August as the month when the greatest number 
were employed. The following difference, however, may be 
noticed. In 1899 the range between the greatest and smallest 
number is not as wide as in 1898. This means steadier, or less 
fluctuation in employment in 1899 than during the preceding 
year. 

SMALLEST NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. . 

We have thus seen the number of persons employed each 
month by 221 establishments in 12 industries. We have also 
seen the number each month when all returns, or the reports 
from 1,213 establishments in 55 industries, were included. In 
addition to this there has been shown the per cent, of males and 
females each month of the total number employed, the monthly 
average number of persons to each establishment, and the 
monthly range of employment and unemployment. The next 
step will be to show the smallest, average, and greatest number 
of persons employed, or in other words, the number employed 
at the smallest, average, and greatest period of employment. 

By the smallest number of persons employed is really meant 
the number for the month during which the smallest number for 
any month were employed. By the average number is meant 
the average for the year as obtained by dividing the sum of the 
average number of persons for all months by the number of 
months. By the greatest number of persons is meant the number 
employed during the week when the greatest number, for any 
week during the year, were employed. For this last case the 
number reported was the same as that for Hour, Day, and Piece 
hands and for classified weekly earnings. 

In showing these facts the same plan as that for the persons 
employed by the month will be observed. That is, the number 
for the 221 establishments will be given alone, and then com- 
bined with the number of the 992 establishments in the last part, 
and thus presented as a whole. The presentations as thus com- 
pleted will show the results for 1,213 establishments in 55 in- 
dustries, or for the whole number reported. 



732 



L'ABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



SMALLEST NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 

(221 establishments in 12 industries.) 



Industries. 



Beverages (soft drinks).. 

Chemical preparations .. 

Coal and wood 

Electric light, power and 
street railways 

Fancy articles 

Food preparations 

Grain and warehousemen 

Laundries 

Lithographing and en- 
graving 

Mixed textiles 

Railway equipment 

Miscellaneous 



Totals 



1898. 



170 

50 

1,018 

7S5 

83 

1,536 

10 

163 

300 

121 

4,821 

409 



Males. Females. Totals 



-I- 
9,466 | 



391 

42 

226 

6 

IS 



MIS 



171 

54 

1,018 

789 

120 

1,615 

10 

554 

342 

317 
4 . 827 

427 



10,274 



173 

53 

1,070 

755 

155 

1,495 

65 

110 

291 
132 

4,822 
453 



1899. 



Males. Females 



9,574 



453 

47 

244 

4 

20 



Totals. 



175 

62 

1,070 

755 

227 

1,571 

65 

563 

338 

376 

4,826 

473 



10,501 



The preceding exhibit shows for each of the 12 industries, or 
221 establishments included, the smallest number of persons em- 
ployed in 1898 and 1899. 

We notice, in looking at the above exhibit, that some indus- 
tries are represented by a much greater number of persons than 
others. The main reason for this is that the industries them- 
selves vary in the number employed. Had they been represented 
by the total persons employed instead of by a certain percentage 
only the number in some of them would still have appeared com- 
paratively small. Passing individual industries, and taking up 
the totals for all, we find, that of the 10,274 persons employed 
in 1898 9,4-66 were males and 80S were females; while of the 
10,501 persons employed in 1899, 9,574 were males and 927 
were females. Comparing the totals for both years it appears 
that there was an increase for 1899 of 227 persons, or 2.21 per 
cent, In 1898 the females constituted 7.86 per cent, of the total 
for these establishments. Tn 1899 they constituted 8.83 per cent. 

The facts just given relates, as said, to the foregoing 221 es- 
tablishments only. In the next exhibit we will find the results 
for the 1,213 establishments. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



733 



Year. 



Males. 



Females 



1898 

1899 

Increase in 1899 

Per cent, of increase 



57, 278 

65,084 

7,806 

13.63 



8,866 
10, 222 
1,356 
15.30 



Totals. 



66, 144 

75,306 

9,162 

13 85 



For 1898 and 1899 we find in the above exhibit the number of 
persons employed by all, or 1,213 establishments, at the smallest 
period of employment, together with the increase in 1899 as 
compared with 1898. 

As to the number employed it is seen, that in 1S98 the males 
numbered 57,278, the females 8,S66, making the total 66,144 
persons ; that in 1899, the males were 65,084, the females 10,222 
and the total 75,306 persons. 

Concerning the increase for 1899 the exhibit shows, that the 
males increased 7,806 persons, or 13.63 per cent., the females 
1,356 persons, or 15.30 per cent., and the total 9,162 persons, or 
13.85 per cent. 

Regarding the proportion of females at this period of employ- 
ment it is found, that in 1898 they constituted 13.40 per cent, 
of the total, and that in 1899 the females made up 13.58 per 
cent, of the totals. These facts, along with the increase in fe- 
males pointed out in the preceding paragraph, indicates that, as 
a whole, the females increased at a slightly greater ratio than 
the males. 



734 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 

In the next exhibit is shown the average number of persons 
employed in 221 establishments comprising 12 industries in 
1898 and 1899. 



AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 
(221 establishments in 12 industries.) 





-a 
3 

nj 

° <D 
6S 
55 


1898. 


1899. 


Industries. 


Average Number 

of 

Persons Employed. 


Average Number 

of 

Persons Employed. 




Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 1 

1 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Beverages (not spir- 


18 209 

7| 58 
23| 1,527 

1 
46) 944 
51 114 
27 1,900 

7) 85 
51 173 

6 322 

61 136 
13 4.977 
12| 635 

I | 


3 
1 12 


II 
212 206 

| 70 || 61 
1,527 II 1,471 

949 || 901 

159 II 162 

2,121 |[ 1,697 

1 

85 II 88 

624 174 

II 
383 II 300 


3 
1 14 


209 


Chemical prepara- 


75 
1,471 

905 

253 

1,866 

88 


Electric light, power 
& street railways 

Fancy articles J 

Food preparations.. I 
Grain and ware- 


5 
45 
221 


4 

91 

169 

'"550" 

52 

217 

5 

28 




451 

61 

275 

7 

22 

i 


724 


Lithographing and 


352 


Mixed textiles 

Railway equipment. 
Miscellaneous 

| 


411 II 

4.9^4 II 

657 II 

ii 


143 

5.155 

671 


360 

5,160 

699 


Totals 


221| 11.0S0 | 1,102 I 12.182 || 


11.029 


1,133 


12,162 



The preceding exhibit gives not only the average number of 
persons employed in 1898 and 1899 for each one of the indus- 
tries included, but for all of these industries. 

Standing alone, these industries do not make a very imposing 
presentation. The total average persons employed by them is 
rather small comparatively speaking. For 1898 we find a total 
of 12,182 persons. Of these 11,080, or 90.96 per cent, were 
males, and 1,102, or 9.04 per cent, females. In 1899 the total 
number was 12,162 persons. Of these 11,029, or 90.68 per cent, 
were males, and 1,133, or 9.32 per cent, females. For the total 
number in 1899 there was thus a decrease in the average of 20 
persons; for males there was a decrease of 51 persons, and for 
females an increase of 31 persons, leaving a net decrease for 
1899, as said, of 20 persons in the average number employed. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



735 



The next exhibit is devoted to the total average number of per- 
sons employed in 1898 and 1899 by the 1,213 establishments re- 
porting for this investigation. 



Year. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


1398 


69,492 

76,691 

7,199 

10.36 


10,204 

11,330 

1,126 

11.02 


79,696 
88,021 
8,325 


1899 


Increase in 1899 




10 45 







Here we find the average number employed each year by all 
the establishments reporting. Of the total average number em- 
ployed in 1898, or 79,096 persons, 69,492 were males and 
10,204 were females. In this case the females constituted 12.80 
per cent, of the males. 

In 1899 the total average number of persons employed was 
88,021. Of these 76,691, or 87.13 per cent, were males, and 
11,330, or 12.87 per cent, were females. In this case the relation 
in the number of males and females in the two years remained 
almost unchanged. 

■ The increase in 1899 as compared with 1898 was 7,199 per- 
sons, or 10.36 per cent, for males, 1,126 persons, or 11.02 per 
cent, for the females, and 8,325 persons or 10.45 per cent, for 
the total of both sexes. 



GREATEST NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 

Having thus considered the smallest and the average number 
of persons employed each year, we will take up the last class in 
these series, or the greatest number of persons employed, that is, 
the number employed at the greatest period of employment. 
These facts, for the two years, are shown in the following ex- 
hibit, when 221 establishments only are included. 



736 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



GREATEST NUMBER OF PERSON'S EMPLOYED. 

(221 establishments in 12 industries.) 





a) 

CO • 

- = 

- s 
it a 

fj 


1898. 


1899. 


Industries. 


Greatest Number 

of 
Pebsons Employed. 


Greatest Number 

of 
Persons Employed. 




Males. Females. 


Totals. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Beverages (not spir- 


IS 


252 4 
fiS 15 


256 
83 


247 

66 
1,944 

1,030 

1S8 

1 2,330 

. 135 
193 

31S 

197 

5,490 

822 


10 
22 


257 


Chemical prepara- 


88 




23 2 223 




2,223 | 


1,944 

1,036 

293 

2,975 

135 


Electric light, power 
& street rau\vays. 

Food preparations. . 
Grain and ware- 


4C> 

5 

27 

7 
51 


1,107 

143 

2,413 

161 
21 n 




6 

41 
304 


1.113 
184 

2,717 

161 
743 

393 

500 

5,185 

752 


6 
105 
645 




533 

57 

315 

8 

26 


631 

55 

33S 

5 

40 


824 


Lithographing and 


6 33fi 


373 


Mixed textiles 

Railway equipment. 
Miscellaneous 


6 
13 
12 


5,177 
726 


535 

5,495 

862 


Total 


2211 13,001 | 1,309 

1 I 


14,310 

i 


12,960 
1 


1,857 


14,817 



As seen, 221 establishments in 12 industries are included in 
the above exhibit. For the establishments in each of those in* 
dustries is shown, the number of persons employed in 1898 arid 
1899 during the respective weeks, when the greatest number of 
persons were employed. In order to get a clearer conception of 
the relation between the figures for the two years, the following 
presentation is included : 



Year. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


1898 


l'i.001 
12,960 

— 41 

— .30 


1,309 

1,857 

+ 518 

+ 41.86 


14,310 

14,817 

+ 507 

+ 3.54 


1899 









From these figures we see that in 1898 the females constituted 
1,309, or 9.15 per. cent, of the total 14,310 persons employed. 
In 1899 the females constituted 12.53 per cent, of the total for 
both sexes. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



737i 



One remarkable feature about these figures is the large pro- 
portion of males and the corresponding small proportion of fe- 
males of the total number of persons in 1898. Considered in 
■connection with that for 1899, and when the smallest and 
average number were employed, it seems that the per cent, of 
females for 1898 is fully 3 per cent, lower than in any of the 
other cases. This difference appears throughout the above ex- 
hibit, affecting the changes between the two years very mater- 
ially. 

The next exhibit shows the greatest number of persons em- 
ployed when all, or the 1,213 establishments reporting are in- 
cluded. 



Year. 



1898 

1899 

Increase in 1899 

• Per cent, of increase 



Males. 



81,505 

91,901 

7,396 

8.75 



Females. 



11,576 

1:3,087 

1,511 

13.06 



Totals. 



96,081 

104,988 

8,907 

9.26 



When 1,213 establishments are included the following num- 
ber of persons were employed in 1898 : Males, 84,505 ; Females, 
11,576 ; Total, 96,081. In 1899, when the same establishments 
were included, the number was, Males, 91,901 ; Females, 
13,087 ; Total, 101,988. 

From these figures we find that in 1899 as compared with, 
1898 the following changes took place : In the male persons em- 
ployed there was an increase of 7,396, or 8.75 per cent. In the 
females there was an increase of 1,511 persons, or 13.06 per 
cent. The total number for both sexes increased 8,907 persons, 
or 9.26 per cent. 

Of the total number of persons employed in 1898, 11,575, or 
12.05 per cent, were females; and of the total number in 1899 
13,087, or 12.47 per cent, were females. In the latter y?-ars there 
was an increase of two-fifths of one per cent, in ihe relative num- 
ber of females employed. 
47 



738 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 





1898. 


1899. 


Increase in 1899 


Classification. 


Number. 


Per cent. 




66, 144 

79. 696 
96,081 


75,308 
83,021 
104,988 


9,162 
8,325 
8,907 


13.85 




10.45 




9.26 







The preceding exhibit shows the total smallest average, and 
greatest number of persons employed in 1898 and 1899 together 
with the increase, in each case in both number and per cent., in 
1899 as compared with 1898, when the 1,213 establishments re- 
porting are included. Thus we find that the smallest number 
increased 9,162 persons, or 13.85 per cent. ; that the average 
number increased 8,325 persons, or 10.45 per cent. ; and that the 
greatest number increased 8,907 persons, or 9.26 per cent. 



PEKSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. 

We have seen the number of persons employed by months and 
the number employed at the smallest, average, and greatest 
period of employment, and now come to another class of data 
which also relates to employment. This class of facte shows by 
industries, the respective number of persons employed by the 
hour, day and piece. In the preceding part, or part V, these 
facts, as obtained from 992 establishments, were fully presented. 
In the present part, or in the following pages, those obtained 
from 221 establishments will be given, first separately and then, 
when combined with the facts for the above 992 establishments. 
As thus combined 1,213 establishments are represented ; and the 
results obtained are those of the investigation, as a whole, so far 
as the data involved are concerned. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



739 



PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. 
(221 establishments in 12 industries.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Classification. 


a 

» CS 
Co CC CO 

aJ ^. c 


2^ 

s 
tn 

© DO . 
« CC <D 


a 

en ^ 
03 *h CO 

i — i 0; O) 

4 


00 
* <E ™ 

oo^ 03 

c a id 
Sa- 
fe 


"3 

H 


a 


CO 

<C en . 
=0 CO © 

fe 


M , *- 

© u ec 

-. o> a 

3 


CO 

22 a 

as j 


"a 

a 




8, 124 


188 


377J 162 

339| 220 

| 7 


8,851 

5,232 

227 


8,110 

3,894 

259 

12,263 


356 

814 

140 

1,340 


261 
401 
32 
697 


95 
280 
142 


8,822 




4,029 
132 


644 

88 


5,422 




573 






,77«t Totals 


12, 2^5 


920 


716 


389 


14,310 


517 


14,817 



The preceding exhibit shows, for 221 establishments in 1898 
and 1899, the respective number of persons, when classified as 
to sex and age, who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. 

The exhibit needs no detailed explanations. A few facts only 
will illustrate what it means. Thus it may be seen that of the 
8,851 persons who were employed by the hour in 1898, 8,124 
were males 18 years of age and over, 1S8 females 18 years and 
over, 377 males under 18 years, and 162 females under 18 years, 
males 18 years and over, 356 were females 18 years and over, 
261 males under 18 years, and 95 were females under 18 years 
of age. For the day and piece hands also the same facts are 
shown. In short the above exhibit shows for the 12 industries 
when combined what the second table in order under this head 
shows for each of these industries. 



740 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. 

(In 12 industries including 221 establishments.) 



Industries. 


|o3g 
6-2 £ 


1898. 


1899. 


Hour. 


Day. 


Piece. 


Totals. 


Hour. Day. Piece. 


Totals. 


Beverages, (not 
spirituous) ... 
Chemical prep- 
Coal and wood. 
Electric light, 
power and St. 

Fancy articles. 
Food prepara- 


18 

7 
23 

46 
5 

27 

7 
51 

6 

61 

13 
12 

221 


15 

32 
1,793 

146 


1,367 

10 
42 

201 

94 

4,845 
306 

8,851 


241 

41 
411 

964 
149 

1,258 

145 
701 

192 
370 

323 

437 

5,232 


10 
19 

3 

35 

92 
6 

36" 

17 
9 

227 


256 

83 13 
2,223 1,630 

1,U3 92 
184 || 12 

2,717 1,517 

161 

743 64 

1 
393 || 107 
500 II 

5.185 l| 5,387 
752 || 

14.310 || 8,882 
If 


247 

54 
283 

929 
260 

1,364 


10 

21 
31 

15 

94 


257 

88 

1,944 

1,036 
293 

2,975 


Grain & ware- 
house men... 

Lithographing 
and engrav- 
ing 

Mixed textiles. 

Railway equip- 
ment 

Miscellaneous . 

Totals ... 


135 
760 

264 
317 

48 

761 

5,422 


2 
218 

60 
101 

573 


135 
824 

373 
535 

5,495 
862 

14,817 



The above exhibit differs somewhat from the one preceding 
it. The former exhibit is a sort of a summary of the table for 
the twelve industries, that is the second table in order under 
this head. The above shows separately for each industry the re- 
spective number of the hour, day, and piece hands each year. A 
glance at this exhibit discloses the fact that the great majority 
were employed by the day; that in 1898 one industry and in 
1S9 9 four industries employed no one by the hour at the greatest 
period of employment; and that in 1898, three industries and in 
1899, four industries employed no one at piece work at this 
period. 

Concerning the respective relation of the total in each class to 
the total number employed we find the following: Of the total 
number employed in 1898, or 14,310 persons, 8,851, or 61.85 
per cent, were employed by the hour ; 5,232 persons, or 36.56 per 
cent., were employed by the day; and 227 persons, or 1.59 per 
cent, were employed at piece work. In 1899, those employed by 
the hour constituted 59.54 per cent. ; the day workers 36.59 per 
cent. ; and those employed at piece work 3.87 per cent, of the 
total number, which was 14,817 persons. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



741 



It will be noticed in connection with these facts that the num- 
ber employed by the hour is unusually large. The reason for this 
is found in the fact that in "Coal and Wood," "Food Prepara- 
tions" and "'Railway Equipments" the number employed by the 
hour greatly exceeded the number employed in other ways. This 
may be seen from a glance at the exhibit. Why this mode of em- 
ployment should prevail in these industries we shall not attempt 
to explain. Strictly speaking, these industries do not come in. 
the manufacturing class. It is possible that the mode of employ- 
ment which prevails is due to the nature of the work or labor to- 
be performed. 

We have thus briefly considered the hour, day and piece 
workers in the 12 industries which have been made the subject 
of this section of Part VI. The next step will be to so combine 
these with those in the preceding part, as to show the total hour, 
day and piece hands for all the establishments which reported 
for the two years. 

The next exhibit is the first in order to this end. This exhibit 
shows separately for each year the respective number of males 
and females 13 years of age and over, and under 18 years, who 
w«re employed by the hour, day, and piece. 



PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. 

(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Classification. 


a 

X 03 

to . 

tfl i- s- 

© cd © 

"3 « > 


21 

® to . 

2 CO £ 

° f. -, 

602 
3,631 
3,913 
8, 154 


g 2 . 

© f-» 02 
- <D 0) 


OO 
to . 

£ 33 £ 

g a © 
© p s-» 

6 


to 

es 
O 
H 


-a 

a 

10 CO 

© CO CD 

— i © > 
CO ,-. o 


Females 18 
years and 
over. 


CO u 

© h CO 

« © © 

CD'S k 

1,873 
4,; 83 
1,218 
7,474 

7.12 


OO 

Pa© 

477 
2,185 
1,131 
3,793 


CO 
CO 

O 




23,616 
44,418 
8,644 
76,678 


1,963 
4,661 
1,20:J 


3)8 
1,960 
1,064 
3, 422 


26 573 
51,67a 
14,829 
9 :,0-li 


1 

25,5711 871 


29,793 




19,062 

8,791 
62, 427 


4,105 
4,317 
P,i94 

8.85 


59,735 




15,460 






Totals 


7,827 


1019*8 








79.81 


8.48 


8.15 


3 56 


103.00 


80.42 


3.61 103.00 









One feature of the above exhibit is that it shows, for 
1898 and 1S99 of the 1213 establishments included, the number 



742 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

of persons in each case as classified with, regard to sex and age, 
who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. As an illustra- 
tion of this, the fact may be given that of the 26,579 persons who 
were employed by the hour in 1898, 23,616 were males 18 
years and over, 602 females 18 years and over, 1,963 males un- 
der 18 years, and 398 persons were females under 18 years. 
These illustrations might be repeated for each mode of employ- 
ment each year. The table, however, is uniform and plain, and 
one illustration is probably sufficient to show its meaning. 

There is another feature. of this exhibit that ought to be men- 
tioned. As said before, it is made up of the number employed 
by all establishments reporting for I ho two years, at the period, 
or week, during which the greatest number were employed. The 
number in the exhibit, therefore, corresponds to the number em- 
ployed at the greatest period of employment, as already shown, 
and to the number of persons for the same establisfiments who 
received classified weekly earnings, as will be shown later. As 
the above exhibit thus includes the number employed at the 
greatest period of employment its totals represent the whole 
number of persons employed at this period, and may be analyzed 
from this point of view. 

Thus we find that in 1898 the total number of persons em- 
ployed at the period mentioned was 96,0S1. Of this number 
76,678, or 79.81 per cent., were males 18 years and over; 8,154, 
or 8.48 per cent,, were females IS years and over; 7,827, or 8.15 
per cent., were males under 18 years, and 3,422 persons, or 3.56 
per cent., were females under 18 years of age. 

In 1899 the total number of persons was 104,988. Of these, 
84,427, or 80.42 per cent, were males 18 years and over; 9,294, 
or 8.85 per cent., were females 18 years and over ; 7,474, or 7.12 
per cent., were males under 18 years, and 3,793, or 3.61 per 
■cent., were females under 18 years. 

Comparing these facts it appears that in 1898 88.29 per 
icent. of the total number were persons IS years of age and over, 
and that 11.71 per cent, were persons under 18 years; while in 
1899 this relation was 89.27 and 10.73 per cent., respectively. 
In 1899 as. compared with 1898 there was thus a decrease in the 
number under 18 years of practically one per. cent. 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



743 



Compared with regard to the respective number of males and 
females, it appears that in 1898 the males constituted 87.96 per 
cent, of the total persons employed, and that the females consti- 
tuted 12.04 per cent. ; while in 1899 the relation was 87.54 and 
12.46 per cent. This indicates an increase in the number of fe- 
males for the latter year of slightly over four-tenths of one per 
■cent 

The next exhibit shows the per cent, of the number in each 
class of the total for the class. 



PER CENT. OP MALES AND FEMALES OVER AND UNDER 18 YEARS OP 
AGE WHO WERE EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR. DAY, AND PIECE, OP 
THE TOTAL NUMBER IN THE RESPECTIVE AGE AND SEX CLASS. 

(1,213 establishments In 55 industries.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Classification. 


T3 

a 
x a) 

CO . 
r/l Sh u 
cd as © 

-3 CD > 
ft >* O 

s 


5a 

<n M 

_£ CO . 

n cfl cd 

- CD > 

S ~o 

Cxj 


3» . 

•^i-l CO 

m s- S 

-2 cd cd 
ctf-o ^.. 

3 


00 
* t. . 

^^ 

CB 3 -> 

fa 


13 
o 
H 


a 

CO . 

Hi h h 

CD 03 CD 
—. CD t» 
* r-s O 


-3 

2a 

CO* 

_2 co . 

2 or <c 
S <- > 
CD >>0 

fa 


H 

3 2 '/J 

x I- 03 

-2 CD CD 

cSt3 >> 

a 


00 

cd u ,;, 
fa 

P. ct. 
12.57 
57.61 
29.82 


en 






P. ct. 

30.80 
57.9:* 
11.27 


P. Ct. 

7.38 
44.57 
48.05 


P. ct. 
25.85 
59.55 
15.37 


P. ct. 
11.63 
57.28 
31.09 


P. ct. 
27.67 
56.90 
15.43 


P. ct. 

31.47 
58.11 
10.42 
100.0 


P. ct. 

9.38 

44.17 

46.45 


P. ct. 
25.06 

58.64 
16.30 


P. ct. 

28.38 
56.90 




14.72 






Total 


100.00 


100. 0J 


100. CO 


100. 00 


100.0 J 


loo.oo 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 







The above exhibit shows the per cent, relations of the figures 
in the exhibit which precedes it. The two exhibits should there- 
fore be considered together. When so considered they furnish 
data for comparisons and study that will throw much light upon 
the conditions of the employment of the working people in this 
state. 

The exhibit which follows shows, for the same establishments 
and industries as above, and for the same period and years, the 
number of males, females, and total of both who were employed 
by the hour, day, and piece. This exhibit differs from the one 
second in order above only in this, that the employes here are 
classified as to sex only, whereas, in the one above, those included 
are classified as to both sex and age. 



744 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



RESPECTIVE NUMBER OF MALES, FEMALES AND TOTALS WHO WERE 
EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. 

(1,213 establishments in 43 industries.) 



Classification. 



By the hour. 

By the day . 

By the piece 

Totals. 





1898. 






1899. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Males. 


Females. 


25,579 

49,079 

9,847 


1,000 
5,594 
4,982 


26, 579 
54,673 
14,829 
96,081 


28, 444 
53,445 
10,012 


1,348 
6,290 
5,448 


84, 505 


11,576 


91,901 


13,086 



29,972: 
59,735 
15, 460 



104,987 



The contents of the preceding exhibit has already been de- 
scribed. It gives for each one of the classifications mentioned 
the actual number of persons employed and thus furnishes oppor- 
tunities for comparisons in many directions. Thus we find, that 
of the 84,505 male persons employed in 1898, 25,579 were em- 
ployed by the hour, 49,079 by the day, and 9,847 by the piece. 
Of the 26,579 persons that year who were employed by the hour, 
25,579 were males and 1,000 females. For 1899 the relations 
were about the same as for 1898. These relations, however, can 
be studied to much better effect when presented in percentage. 
Hence this is done in the two exhibits which follow : 



PER CENT. OF THE MALES, FEMALES AND TOTALS EMPLOYED BY 
THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER IN EACH 
CASE. 

(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 



Classification. 


1898. 


1899. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Male'. 


Females. 


Totals. 




Per cent. 
30.26 

58. OS 
11.66 


Per cent. 

8.64 . 

48.33 

43.03 

100.00 


Per cent 

27.66 

56.90 

15.44 

100.00 


Per cent. 
30.95 
58.15 

10.89 

iooToo 


Per cent 
10.30 

48.06 
41.64 


Per cent- 
28.47 
56.80 
14.73 


By the day 






Totals 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



745 



In the above exhibit we find, for each year, first, the per cent, 
of the number of the males who were employed as hour, day, 
and piece hands, respectively ; second, the per cent, of the num- 
ber of female persons employed by the hour, day, and piece, re- 
spectively; third, the per cent, of the total number of the hour, 
day, and piece hands, respectively. 

Leaving out the males and females as presented separately 
and considering only the totals for both we thus find, that of the 
96,081 persons, or the total number in 1898, 27.66 per cent, 
were employed by the hour, 56.90 per cent, by the day, and 15.44 
per cent, at piece work ; that of the 104,987 persons, the total for 
1899, 28.47 per cent, were employed by the hour, 56.80 per cent. 
by the day, and 14.73 per cent, were employed at piece work. 
The relation in each case was thus remarkably close. 



PER CENT. OP MALES AND FEMALES OF THE TOTAL NUMBER IN EACH 
CASE WTTO WERE EMPLOYED BY THE HOUR, DAY, AND PIECE. 

(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 



Classification. 



By the hour 

By the day . 

By the piece 

Totals 



1898. 



Males. Females. Totals 



Per cent. 
96.24 
89.71 
66.40 



87.95 



Per cent 

3.76 

10.23 

33.60 

12.05 



Per cent. 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 



1899. 



Males . Females'. Totals 



Per cent 
95.48 
89.47 
64.76 



87.54 



Per cent. 

4.52 

10.53 

35.24 



12.46 



Per cent. 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 



100.00 



In the above exhibit we find for each year the per cent, of the 
number of males and females, respectively, of the total number 
in each case who were employed by the hour, day, and piece. 
Of the total number employed by the hour, 96.24 per cent, were 
males and 3.76 per cent, were females in 1898, while in 1899 
this relation was 95.48 and 4.52 per cent. Of those employed 
by the day, the relation betwen the males and females was 89.77 
and 10.23 per cent, in 1898, and 89.17 and 10.53 in 1899. Of 
the piece hands the relation of males and females was 66.40 and 
33.60 per cent, in 1898, and 64.76 and 35.24 per cent, in 1899. 
Of the total number employed in 1S98, 87.95 per cent, were 



746 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



males and 12.05 per cent, were females; while of the total in 
1899, 87.54 per cent, were males and 12.46 per cent, were fe- 
males. While the relations between the number for the two 
years did not vary a great deal, it is quite plain that, as a whole, 
there was a small increase in 1899 in the proportion of female 
employes. 



CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. 

In the preceding pages we have seen the number of persons 
employed at the different periods of employment, and the num- 
ber employed by the hour, day, and piece. In the pages which 
follow, under this head, we have shown the classified weekly 
earnings of the persons employed, first, for 221 establishments, 
or those who only reported in part, and then for 1,213 establish- 
ments, or the 992 presented in part V. and the 221 given here. 
The figures for the 221 establishments are found in the next ex- 
hibit. Those for the 1,213 establishments are found in the six 
exhibits which follow this. In this, as in other cases in this con- 
nection, more prominence is thus given to the facts for all in- 
dustries than to those for the 221 establishments. The reasons 
for this are too obvious for explanation. 




MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



747 



The above exhibit is the only one presented relating to the 
"Classified Weekly Earnings" of those who were employed in 
the 221 establishments. In examining this exhibit we notice a 
strong resemblance between it and those already discussed in 
the preceding two parts, as well as the one which comes im- 
mediately after this. A few differences between them are, of 
course, to be found. Of these, the most noticeable is the one 
which indicates that the earnings in the above exhibit are higher 
than for any of the others. This is particularly true for the 
males 18 years and over. In this case the course is quite high. 
The greatest number for any one class is that for $9.00' but 
under $10.00. In this class we find 2,353 persons in 1898 and 
2,646 persons in 1899. There are several classes both before and 
after this class in which the number found is quite high, but in 
no one does it reach the figures for the one just mentioned. This 
is the only exhibit in this case for the 221 esablishments, those 
next in order being devoted to all industries. 



CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. 
(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 




Totals |76,678l 8,154! 7,827| 3.422|96,081I|S4.427I 9,294| 7.4741 3.7931104988 

f 1 1 1 1 1 1| 1 1 1 1 

Percent 179.811 8.481 8.151 3.56 100.00" 80.42| 8.851 7.12| 3.6lll00.0O 

II I II I 



•748 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



The preceding exhibit shows the "Classified Weekly Earn- 
ings" for 96,081 persons in 1898 and 104,988 persons in 1899. 
As in former exhibits of this kind, the persons included are classi- 
fied as to sex and age. Thus we find that in 1898 the males 18 
years and over made up 79.81 per cent., the female 18 years and 
over 8.48 per cent, the males under 18 years 8.15 per cent., and 
the females under 18 years 3.56 per cent, of the total number. 
For 1899 practically the same percentages are found. The 
greatest number in any one class is that for $9.00 but under 
$10.00, arid this is true for both years, although there are sev- 
erl other classes about that point which make a fair showing. 

As seen, the above exhibit shows the actual number of persons 
in each class. This exhibit thus furnishes the basis for further 
analysis. Tn the next exhibit the number in each case are ex- 
pressed in their per cent, of the total. With this change the ana- 
lysis can thus be continued. 









1898. 


1899. 




ID 


x^ 








T3 


CC^ 














a 


2 3 








3 


22 3 














C8 


03 


a 






cd 


<s 


a 






Weekly Earnings. 


» m 


GO 


s» £ 


ce £ •; 




70 




s» ri 


» fe oi 
















— i a ,_ 










n£ «- 












2 M a 


o >- re 


x ^ re 


CS 


o« s « ra oj 




rex) aj 










-Ht> 






PC(, 


— « > ! 3 a> > 


— . ob a> 


g 3 ffi 










S>>0 


g >>0 




§ 3 >, 




fl ^ O ! a >■. O 


C'O > 


§ 3 >> 










P. ct. 


En 

P. Ct. 


S 


En 


H 
P. ct 


3 


En 


P. ct. 


En 


H 








P ct. 


P. Ct. 


P. ct. 


P. ct. 


P. ct. 


P. ct 


$25.00 


ner wk. an 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 


3 over 

$25.00. 
20.00. 
IS. 00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 


1.09 

1.811 
1.831 
5.68 
5.881 
7.281 
3.971 
7.S9I 








0.861 
1.441 
1.461 
4.52| 
4.701 
5.82| 
3.241 
6.39| 


1.26 
1.62 
1.86 
5.85 
6.60 
8.05 
4.36 
10.08 








1.01 


20.00 








0.01 
0.01 
0.02 
0.08 
0.15 
0.65 
0.60 






1.30 


18.00 












1.50 


15.00 












4.70 


13.00 


0.05 
0.10 
0.84 
1.05 






0.05 
0.07 




5.31 


12.00 






6.49 


11.00 


0.07 
0.04 




3.57 


10.00 


0.16 




8.17 


9.00 


but under 


10.00. 


17.49J 


1.45 


0.02 


0.05 


14. OS 


1 19.63| 1.70 


0.75 


0.03 1( 


8.00 


but unuer 


9.00. 


14.201 


3.22 


0.31 


0.11 


11.651 


15.391 2.67 


0.92 


0.11 


12.68 


7.00 


but uncier 


8.00. 


17.131 


3.66 


0.82 


0.55 


14.071 


13.171 6.15 


1.69 


1.24 


11.29 


6.00 


but under 


7.00. 


10.041 


9.96 


3.65 


0.96 


9.191 


7.54 10.24 


7.02 


0.69 


7.49 


5.50 


but under 


6.00. 


1.80 


9.46| 


3.13 


0.24 


2.511 


1.2S 


7.85 


3.SS 


0.56 


2.02 


5.00 


but under 


5.50. 


1.561 


15.26 


4.13 


2.13 


2.951 


1.01 


14.55 


6.69 


2.21 


2.65 


4.50 


but under 


5.00. 


1.371 


16.20 


12.06 


2.17 


3.52! 


0.92 


15.49 


14.50 


4.22 


3.29 


4.00 


hut under 


4.50. 


0.6l| 


11.13 


10.71 


6. OS 


2.521 


0.64 


10.80 


11.19 


5.40 


2.48 


3.50 


hut under 


4.00. 


0.28| 


15.84! 


17.69 


8.18 


3.321 


0.38 


13.471 17.72 


li.39 


3.22 


3.00 


hut under 


3.50. 


0.071 


7.63' 


27.06 


23.90 


3.761 


0.30 


10.601 19.01 


25.38 


3.46 


2.50 


hut under 


3.00. 


0.02| 


3.001 12.11 


24.31 


2.121 


| 0.05| 3.911 8.93 


25. 491 1.95 


2.00 


but under 


2.50. 


i 


0.9SI 6.03 


19.52 


1.271 


0.01 


0.771 5.08 


16.32 


1.02 


1.50 


bn.. under 


2.00. 


1 


0.171 2.02 


10.05 


0.541 





0.191 1.66 


5.51 


0.33 


Under S1 50 




I 




0.15 


1.75 


0.071 





0.091 0.6S 


0.45 


0.07 




rotnls 




| 






r 


100. 

1 


100. 1100. 
1 


100. 


1100. 

! 


1100. ilOO. 1100. 

1 1 


|100. |100. 

1 



Here we find the per cent, of each class of wage earners who 
were found in each wage class. The exhibit as seen includes 
1,213 establishments classified in 55 industries; or, in other 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 749 

words, it includes all the establishments which reported for this 
investigation in 1898 and 1899. As these establishments cover, 
by far, the greater part of the productive capacity for the state, 
the exhibit can be safely regarded as representing the conditions 
in this state as far as the earnings of the workers are concerned. 

Looking over the table, as a whole, it becomes evident, even at 
the first glance, that the male employes 18 years and over re- 
ceived the highest, earnings. Next in order, in point of earnings, 
come the females 18 years and over. As the third we find the 
males under 18 years, while the females under 18 years received 
the lowest earnings of all. This perhaps only confirms what our 
common sense already had told us about these matters. Still the 
facts are interesting. Even the fact itself that experience and 
the data collected should happen to agree is not the least in im- 
portance. The difference in the earnings between each class, of 
workers is clearly marked though, of course, it is in no case 
exactly measured. The two classes whose earnings seem the 
nearest alike are females 18 years and over and males under 18 
years. But even in this case the difference can be readily dis- 
cerned. From this exhibit one might almost be warranted in 
drawing the conclusion that each class of workers were paid 
according to their efficiency. 

The exhibit as a whole includes twenty-two classes of earnings, 
beginning with "25.00 per week and over," and ending with the 
class "Under $1.50 per week." It is perhaps significant that, in 
either year, there is not a class of workers, when given separ- 
ately, that is represented in all these classes of earnings. For the 
m'ales 18 years and over we find no one in the lower classes of 
earnings ; for the other classes of persons we find no representa- 
tion in the higher classes of earnings. ' This may be further illus- 
trated. . For males 18 years and over we find no one in any of the 
classes below $2.50 per week. For females 18 years and over, 
no one in any class above $13.00 but under $15.00. For males 
under 18 years no one above $11.00 but under $12.00 is found. 
And for females under 18 years there is no representation above 
the class $9.00 but under $10.00. In the columns for the total, 
or where all classes of wage earners each year are combined, all 
wtage classes are also represented. It is in these columns that 
the course of wages for the two years can be best studied. 



750 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



In order to facilitate further analysis and comparisons, the 
facts in the two preceding exhibits have been compiled into 
fewer classes or a briefer space and again presented. These pre- 
sentations also begin with an exhibit showing the number of the 
persons who received classified earnings in 1898 and 1899. 

CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. 

(1.213 establishments in 55 industries.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Weekly Earninus. 
















Males. 


| Females. 


Totals. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 




Number 


Number. 


Number. 


Number. 


Number. 


Numbsr 


Under $5.00 per week 


8,674 


1 

| 7,765 


16.439 


j 

7,s::4 


8,747 


16,581 


$5.00 but under $6.00 


3,148 


2,095 


5,243 


2,72.0 


2,188 


4,908 


6.00 but under 7.00 


7.986 


845 


8,831 


6,881 


978 


7,859 


7.00 but under 8.00 


13,201 


317 


13,518 


1 11,235 


619 


11,854 


8.00 but under 9.00 


10,917 


267 


11,184 j 


13,062 


253 


13,315 


9. to but under 10.00 


13,413 


1 120 


13,533 


16.631 


159 


16,790 


10.00 but under 12.00 


9,102 


155 


9,257 


12,206 


117 


12,323 


12.00 but under 15.00 


10,083 


1 n 


10r095 


12,379 


22 


12,401 


15.00 but under 20.00 






5,753 


6,517 


3 


6.520 


20.00 and over .. 


2,228 




2,228 

96,081 


2,436 


1 1 


1 2,437 




1 11,576 




Totals 


84,505 


91,901 


13,087 


104,988 







The above exliibit includes the same number of persons and 
covers the same period as the two exhibits which precede it. In 
fact it differs from these exhibits only in this, that the classifica- 
tions of earnings have been reduced from 22 to 10, and that in 
the persons employed the classification as to age was omitted. 
The persons employed are, in this exhibit, classified as to sex 
only. That is, the columns for males include all male persons 
regardless of age, and the columns for females include all female 
persons regardless of age. It should also be noticed that in these 
exhibits the order of the wage classes is reversed. Thus the 
lower classes come first here instead of at the foot, as in the pre- 
ceding exhibts. Of the 96,0*81 persons who received classified 
earnings in 1898, 12.05 per cent, were females and 87.95 per 
cent, males. Of the total in 1899, or 101,988 persons, 12.46 per 
cent, were females and 87.54 per cent, males. The next exhibit 
has been devoted to percentages : 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



751 



CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. 
(1,213 establishments in 55 industries.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Weekly Earnings. 
















Male 


Female 


Total 


Male 


Female 


Total 




per cent 


per cent. 


per cent. 


per cent. 


per cent. 


per cent. 


Under $5.00 per week 


10.27 


67.09 


17.11 


8.52 


66.84 


15.80 


$5.00 but under $6.00 


3.72 


18.10 


5.45 


2.96 


16.72 


4.67 


6.00 but- under 7.00 


9.45 


7.30 


9.20 


7.49 


7.48 


7.49 


7.00 but under 8.00 


15.62 


2.73 


14.07 


12.22 


4.73 


11.29 


8.00 but under 9.00 


12.92 


2.30 


11.64 


14.22 


1.94 


12.68 


9.00 but under 10. OO 


15. 08 


1.04 


14.08 


18.10 


1.21 


15.99 


10.00 but under 12.00 


10.78 


1.34 


9.63 


13.28 


0.89 


11.74 


12.00 but under 15.00 


11.93 


0.10 


10.51 


13.47 


0.16 


11.81 


15.00 but under 20.00 


6.80 
2.63 




5.99 
2.32 


7.09 
2.65 


0.02 
0.01 


6.21 


20.00 and over j 




2.32 








Totals 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


j 100.00 


100.00 j 


100.00 



This exhibit shows the per cent, relation of the figures in the 
exhibit by which it is preceded. The above exhibit stands for 
all the establishments which reported, or 1,213 in all, classified 
into 55 industries. What it really shows nuay, perhaps, be best 
seen from a few examples. Thus we may take the figures for 
1898 first. From the very first line we learn that of the total 
number of male persons included, 10.27 per cent, received lass 
than $5.00 per week for a week's work; that of the total number 
of female persons included, (57.09 per cent, received less than 
$5.00 for a week's work ; and that of the total number for both 
sexes, 17.11 per cent, earned less than $5.00 per week. If we 
now move down the exhibit, down to class $9.00 but under 
$10.00, the class in which, as the exhibit originally stood, the 
greatest number of persons were employed, we find, as a further 
illustration, that of the total males included, 15.88 per cent, re- 
ceived $9.00 but under $10.00 per week; that of the total fe- 
males, 1.04 per cent, received this amount, and that the total for 
both sexes, 14.08 per cent., earned this amount per week. 

Taking up the figures for 1899 we find that less than $5.00 
per week was earned by 8.52 per cent, of the males, 6G.84 per 
cent, of the females and 15.80 per cent, of all the persons em- 
ployed. Comparing these figures with those of 1898, a substan- 
tial increase may be observed for the latter year. For the class 
$9.00 but under $10.00, or the.second class considered for 1898, 



752 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



we find in this also a substantial increase for 1899. Thus, of 
the total males, 18.10 per cent, earned this much as against 15.88 
per cent, for 1898. Of the females, 1.21 per cent, in 1899 as 
against 1.04 per cent, in 1898 earned this amount. Of the total, 
the per cent, for the two years stood 14.08 and 15.99, or an in- 
crease of 1.91 per cent, for 1899. These illustrations constitute 
a fair sample, not only of what the exhibit shows, but of the 
trend of the earnings for the period covered. 

In the following exhibit, which covers the same ground as the 
above, the classification of earnings has been reduced to a still 
smaller number: 



PER CENT. OF PERSONS WHO RECEIVED $9.00, $7.00, $6.00, $5.00 AND OVER 
PER WEEK, RESPECTIVELY, AND THE PER CENT. RECEIVING LESS 
THAN $5.00 PER WEEK IN 1898 AND 1S99. 

(1.213 establishments in 55 industries.) 





1898. 


1899. 


Weekly Earnings. 


Males 
Per cent. 


Females 
Per cent. 


Totals 
Per cent. 


Males 
Per cent. 


Females 
Per cent. 


Totals 
Per cent. 


$9.00 per week and over.. 

7.00 per week and over.. 

6.00 per week and over.. 

5.00 per week and over.. 
Under $5.00 per week 


48.02 
76.56 I 
86.01 1 
89.73 
10.27 1 
1 


2.48 

7.51 
14.81 
32.91 
67.09 1 


42.53 

68.24 
77.44 I 
82.89 
17.11 1 

1 


54.59 
81.03 

88.52 

91.48 

8.52 


2.29 
8.96 
16.44 
33.16 
66.84 


48.07 
72.04 
79.53 
84.20 
15.80 



The preceding exhibit points out the course of wages or earn- 
ings during the period covered better than any others in these 
series. A few comparisons will make this plain. In 1898, 48.02 
per cent, of the males, 2.48 per cent, of the females, or 42.53 per 
cent, of the total for both received as earnings for a week's work, 
or for six days' work $9.00 or over. In 1899, 54.59 per cent, 
of the males, 2.29 per cent, of the females, or 48.07 per cent of 
the total for both earned $9.00 or more in a week, or in six work 
days. For 1899 this means an increase in the number who re- 
ceived $9.00 or over for six days' labor, of 5.54 per cent. Each 
one of the other classes in the table shows an increase for 1899 as 
compared with 1898. This is plain when the figures for each 
class in the two years are compared. As further evidence of this, 
thelast class, those who received less than $5.00 for a week's worfe, 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



753 



may be cited. In 1898, 10.27 per cent, of the males, 67.09 per 
cent, of the females, or 17.11 per cent, of the total of both sexes 
received less than $5.00 for a week's labor. In 1899, 8.52 per 
cent, of the males, 66.81 per cent, of the females, or 15.80 per 
cent, of the total for both received less than this amount. To 
substantiate the proposition that the course of wages was on the 
increase in 1899 as compared with 1898 no other evidence than 
the facts in the preceding exhibit are needed. 

For the first exhibit under this head, that for 221 establish- 
ments, the figures were obtained from the third table in order, 
from the beginning of this part, the table which shows the "Clas- 
sified Weekly Earnings" in 12 industries. For the other ex- 
hibits, the combined results of the above table for 12 industries 
and the table in part V for 43 industries were used. These facts 
are repeated here in order to call attention to the importance of 
the results as shown in the above exhibits. 

In order to obtain some idea of the proportion of males and 
females in each wage class, or class of earnings, the following 
exhibit is included : 





1898. 


1899. 


Weekly Earnings. 
















Males 


Females 


Totals 


Males 


Females 


Totalsl 




Per cent 


Per cent 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Under $5.00 per week 


52.77 


47.23 


100.00 | 


47.24 


52.76 


100.00 


$5.00 but under $6.00 


60.04 


39.96 


lao.oo | 


55.42 


44. 5S 


100.00 


6.00 but under 7.00 


90.43 


9.57 


100.00 


87.69 


12.31 


100.00 


7.00 but under 8.00 


97.65 


2.35 


100.00 | 


94.78 


5.22 


100.00 


8.00 but under 9.00 


97.61 


| 2.39 


100.00 | 


| 98.10 


1.90 


100.00 


9.00 but under 10.00 


99.11 


0.89 


100.00 


99.05 


0.95 


100.00 


10.00 but under 12.00 


98.32 


1.68 


100.00 


99.05 


0.95 


100. 00 


12.00 but under 15.00 


99.88 


0.12 


100.00 


99.82 


0.18 


100.00 


15.00 but under 20.00 


100.00 
100.00 




100.00 
100.00 


99.95 
99.96 


0.05 
0.04 


100.00 


20.00 and over 




100 00 








Totals 1 


87.95 


12.05 


100.00 


87.54 


12.46 


100.00 



The above exhibit, the same as those immediately preceding 
it, is made up from the returns of all, or the 1,213 establish- 
ments. It shows the per cent, of males and females in each class 
of earnings and of the total. Thus, as an example, it may be 
seen that of the total number who received less than $5.00 per 
week, 52.77 per cent, were males and 47.23 per cent, were fe- 
males in 1898; while 47.24 per cent, were males and 52.76 per 
cent, were females in 1899. Here we see that the position of the 
relative number of males and females in this class, as between the 
48 



754 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



two years, has been almost exactly reversed. The same tendency 
is also apparent in the four classes which follow. What does 
this mean % It means, first of all, that in the lower paid occupa- 
tions, there was, in 1899, a considerable substitution of female 
for male labor. The causes of this one can only speculate on. 
It is possible, however, that the increased demand for labor in 
1899 somewhat affected the supply of male workers, and that 
for this reason a greater number of females were employed- 
This is little more than a guess, but a good many things point 
to this as the situation. 

As said, besides the per cent, of females in each wage class 
the exhibit also shows the per cent, of females of the total num- 
ber of persons employed. This we see under the head of totals. 
Of the total number of persons in 1898, 87.95 per cent, were 
males and 12.05 per cent, were females; and of the total number 
of persons in 1899, 87.54 per cent, were males and 12. 4G per 
cent, were females. 



AMOUNT PAID AS WAGES. 

The following exhibt shows the amount paid as wages by the 
establishments included in each industry, together with the 
amount paid by all industries, or the 221 esablishments. 

By the amount paid as wages is here meant the amount paid 
mechanics, operatives, and laborers. The amount paid as sal- 
aries to partners, superintendents, clerks, etc., has in no case 
been included either here or in the foregoing two parts. 

AMOUNT PAID AS WAGES. 
(221 establishments, 12 industries.) 



Industries. 



Total Amount 
of Wages Paid. 



Beverages (soft drinks) 

Chemical preparations 

Coal and wood 

Electric light, power and si net 

railways 

Fancy articles 

F 1 „-—•,- « 

Grain and warehouse men 

J.iilll'ilr <■■■ 

Lithographing and engraving ... 

Mixed textiles 

nniTwny eompment 

Miscella neous 



IS 

7 I 

23 I 

I 

46 I 

5 I 

?7 | 

7 I 

51 I 

6 

6 I 

n i 

12 I 



$92,577 

30 9'20 

725.719 

47^ n?6 

52.^1 
<;r.o no 

49.531 

M t 9 

i 71.350 

95 *40 

2 £3? 7O0 

277.249 



J9S.422 

32.260 

741.058 

454 005 
85.804 

7«0 101 
51 ,0S6 

208 411 

155.739 

93 474 

!.0?7 700 

296.434 



Increase f-f-"* 
or Decrease ( — ) 

in 1899. 



$5,845 

1.340 

15.339 

24 6?1 
31.943 

9? 491 

1.555 
26.!*2 
12 611 
I 966 
205.000 
Id 1S5 



Per cent 



06.31 
+ 04.33 
+ 02.11 



05.15 
59.30 
10.83 
03.14 
14.83 
07. 3(5 
02.05 
07.23 
06.91 



To'als | 221 ; $5,842 074 I $6.017.5°4 |+ $175,510 1+ 3.00 



MANUFACTURERS' RETURNS, 1898-1899. 



755 



The above exhibit deals Avith wages. It shows for each of the 
industries included the total amount paid as wages in 1S98 and 
1899, together with the increase or decrease in the latter year. 

Of the 12 industries which are included, 8 show an increase 
in the amount paid as wages in 1899 as compared with 1898, and 
4 show a decrease. On the whole, however, or when all are in- 
cluded there is a net increase for 1899 as is seen from the totals 
in above exhibit and from the one which follows : 





Year. 


Amount 
of wages. 


1898 


$5,812,074 


1899 


6,017,584 




175,510 




3.00 









From these figures w T e learn that the amount paid as wages 
was $5,842,074 in 1898 and $6,017,584 in 1899. In the latter 
year as compared with 1898 there was thus an increase in the 
amount paid of $175,510, or 3 per cent. 

The next exhibit shows for above establishments and indus- 
tries the average yearly earnings to each worker : 



Year. 



Amount. 



Average No. 
persons. 



Average 
earnings. 



1898. 
1899. 



$5,812,074 

6,017,581 



12,182 
12, 162 



$179 57 
494 79 



In this exhibit we thus find, for each year, the amount of the 
wages paid, the average number of persons employed, and the 
average yearly earning to each worker. The yearly earnings to 
each worker was $479.59 in 1898 and $494.79 in 1899. 

The foregoing facts under this head relate to 221 establish- 
ments only. As it was desirable in this as in previous cases that 
these facts should be combined with those for the 992 establish- 
ments presented in the preceding part, such a combination was 
effected. The following exhibit shows for 1,213 establishments,. 



756 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



or the entire number reporting, the amount paid as wages in, 
1898 and 1S99, the increase for the latter year, and the average 
number employed and the yearly earnings of same. 



Year. 


Amount. 


Average No. 
employed. 


Average 
earnings. 


1898 

1899 


$31,763,115 

35,537,052 

, 3,773,937 

11.88 


79,695 
88,021 
8,325 
10.45 


$398 55 
403 73 




5 18 




1.30 







We find here that the amount paid in wages was $31,763,115 
in 1898 and $35,537,052 in 1899, an increase for the latter 
year of $3,773,937, or 11.88 per cent. 

The average number of persons employed was, as seen already, 
79,696 in 1898 and 88,021 in 1S99. This is an increase for 
1899 of 8,325 persons, or 10.45 per cent. 

The average yearly earnings to each worker was $398.55 in 
1898 and $403.73 in 1899. There, was thus an increase in earn- 
ings for the latter year, as compared with 1898, of $5.18, or 1.30 
per cent. 

As said, these figures were obtained from the returns of 1,213 
establishments in 55 industries. 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



757 



EMPLOYMENT AND CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EAKN- 
INGS IN MEKCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS. 



In foregoing pages in this part we find a continuation of the 
presentations relating to employment and earnings in manufac- 
turing industries which were begun in part V. In the follow- 
ing pages, under the above head in this part, will be found a 
series of presentations showing the "Persons Employed Each 
Month and the Classified Weekly Earnings in Mercantile Es- 
tablishments in this State in 1898." 

The following exhibit shows what mercantile industries were 
included, the number of establishments by which each of these 
is represented, and the number of persons employed in these es- 
tablishments : 



Classification of industires. 



Boots and shoes 

Drugs 

Dry goods 

General stores 

Groceries 

Hardware 

Total six industries 



Number of 
establishments . 


Number 
employed. 


218 


406 


6158 


1,232 


278 


3,086 


1,186 


3,870 


796 


2,784 


648 


2,430 


3,754 


13,808 



In the preceding presentation we find the facts indicated for 
six mercantile industries. The first in order of these is Boots 
and Shoes. In this case only retail stores are included. For 
this line 218 establishments, or about 51 per cent, of the total 
for the state, reported. These establishments or stores em- 
ployed 406 persons. 

Drugs is the second industry in order. This line is repre- 
sented by 628 establishments, or nearly 80 per cent, of the total 
for the state. These establishments employed 1,232 persons, 
and include a few places which were doing a wholesale as well 
as a retail business. 



758 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

Dry Goods comes the third in order. In this case 278 retail 
establishments, or about two-thirds of the whole number in the 
state, are included. These establishments employed 3,08 6 per- 
sons. 

General Stores is the fourth. In this class 1,186 establish- 
ments, or about -10 per cent, of those in the state, are included 
here. The places thus included employed 3,870 persons. A 
few of these places were undoubtedly what now is termed "de- 
partment stores." 

Groceries is the fifth, or next to the last in order. In this 
case 796 stores are covered. A few of these did a wholesale as 
well as a retail business. The number included make up a little 
less than 30 per cent, of those in the state, and employed 2,784 
persons. 

Hardware is the last in order. It embraces 648 establish- 
ments. These establishments constitute 40 per cent, of the total 
for the state and employ 2,430 persons. In this case, as for 
Drugs and Groceries, a few wholesale establishments, or places 
which sold at wholesale as well as in retail, are included. 

The exhibit also shows the total number of establishments and 
persons included. For the six industries, the first numbered 
3.754 and the second 13,808. This is about 3.7 persons to each 
establishment. 

The facts were in every case obtained from the employers, 
and upon schedules prepared for the purpose. They were also 
carefully edited and compiled. There is no reason for doubting 
that the presentations which follow accurately represent the con- 
dition in this state. 

There are two series of presentations. The first of these re- 
late to the number of persons employed each month during the 
year, and the monthly range of employment. The second re- 
late to "Classified Weekly Earnings." In both cases there is 
one presentation for each industry or business, followed by one 
for all industries, and exhibits for analysis. 

Taken as a whole, these presentations are more than ordi- 
narily interesting. In the first place, this is practically the first 
time in this state that the employment and earnings in mercan- 
tile establishments have been investigated on an extensive scale. 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1S93-1399. 759 

Then again, the facts do not only cover each occupation but are 
so presented that these can be compared. The presentations as 
a whole are also in harmony with presentations covering the 
same ground for other classes of wage earners in this state. 
Comparisons between all are therefore possible. 



BOOTS AND SHOES, 
(persons employed— by mouths.) 



Months. 


Males. 


Females 


Totals. 




368 
374 

370 
372 
372 
372 
368 
368 
374 
372 
372 
370 


18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 

)£ 

20 
20 
20 
20 


3S6 
392 




388 




390 




390 




390 




386 




386 




394 




392 




392 




390 






DRUGS. 

(persons employed— by months.) 


Months. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 




1,112 
1,102 
1,104 
1.114 
1,128 
1,142 
1,138 
1,148 
1,132 
1,134 
1,126 
1.148 


50 
50 
50 
50 
54 
56 
56 
54 
54 
54 
52 
84 


1,162 




1.152 




1,154 




1,164 




1,182 




1,198 




1,194 




1,202 




1,186 




1,188 




1.178 




1,232 







January .. 
February , 
March — 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October .. 
November 
December 



DRY GOODS. 

(persons employed— by months.) 

Months. 




760 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



GENERAL STORES, 
(persons employed— by mouths.) ■ 



Months. 



January .. 
February 

March 

April 

May , 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October . . . 
November 
December 



2.520 i 


948 


3,468 


2,510 ( 


942 


3,452 


2.512 | 


950 


3,462 


2,596 | 


1,006 


3,602 


2,618 1 


1,012 


3,630 


2,698 1 


1,026 


3.724 


2,700 | 


1,042 


3,742- 


2,650 | 


998 


3,648 


2,688 1 


1,024 


3.712 


2.672 | 


1,064 


3.736 


2,618 | 


1,056 


3,674 


2,600 | 


1,078 


3.678 



GROCERIES. 
(persons employed— by months.) 



Months. 




January 2.354 

February | 2,328 

March I 2,334 

April I 2,344 

May I 2,380 

June I 2,402 

July I 2,418 

August I 2,422 

September I 2,436 

October I 2,404 

November I 2 , 422 

December I 2 , 440 



362 


2.716 


358 


2,686 


356 


2,690 


358 


2,702 


350 


2,730 


354 


2,756 


348 


2,766 


352 


2.774 


352 


2.7S& 


354 


2,758 


354 


2.776 


376 


2,816 



HARDWARE. 

(persons employed— by mouths.) 



Months 



January I 1 ,928 

February I 1 , 922 

March I 1 . 974 

April I 2,078 

May I 2,144 

June ! 2,186 

July I 2,210 

August I 2,236 

September I 2,354 

October I 2, 418 

November I 2.348 

December ! 2,212 



Totals. 



66 


1,994 


66 


1,988 


66 


2,040 


66 


2.144 


68 


2,212. 


72 


2.258. 


72 


2,282- 


72 


2.308 


7fi 


2,430 


80 


2,498 


84 


2.432 


84 


2.296 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



r 61 



TOTAL ALL MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 
(persons employed— by mouths.) 



Months. 



January .. 
February . 
March — 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October . . . 
November 
December 



Average 




Totals . 



12,406 
12.33S 
12,550 
12,986 
13,138 
13,332 
13,138 
13,016 
13,476 
13,768 
13,828 
14,158 



13,178 



The foregoing seven presentations show, in order, the num- 
ber of male, female, and total persons employed each month in 
the establishments representing Boots and Shoes, Drugs, Dry 
Goods, General Stores, Groceries, and Hardware, and the total 
for all these industries when combined. There is thus one pre- 
sentation for each of these businesses, and one in which are com- 
bined the number for all. This is the manner in which those 
employed in manufacturing industries also were presented. 

As said, the presentations show the number employed each 
month, and in doing this they also, of necessity, indicate the 
fluctuation in, or course of employment, from month to month. 
The light they throw upon employment and the variation in 
same imparts to these facts their greatest value. In fact, it is 
the real reason why they are presented. 

In Boots and Shoes the course of employment throughout the 
year was remarkably even. As a matter of fact there was only 
a variation of eight persons between the months when the small- 
est and greatest number were employed. The lowest number 
was 386 and is found for three months, January, July and 
August. The greatest number was 394 and is found for the 
month of September. On the whole, the fluctuations in employ- 
ment in this industry were so small as to have but little influence 
from an economic point of view. 

In the Drug trade the lowest number, or 1,152 persons, is 
found for February, and the .highest, or 1,232 persons, for Be- 



762 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

cember. The difference between' the lowest and the highest 
number is thus 80 persons, a comparatively small fluctuation. 

The Dry Goods trade presents a different state of affairs in 
that the variation in the number from month to month is both 
sharp and great. The year began with comparatively the lowest 
number; the lowest, that of 2,C)6S persons, appears in February. 
From this month on there is a gradual increase with each month 
until the end of June, when, for two months, there is a sharp de- 
crease, so sharp, indeed, as to bring the number down to a point 
nearly as low as that for February. This decrease, however, is 
again offset by an equally sharp increase for September. The 
fall trade had now set in, and the number each month grew 
greater until the climax was reached with the holiday trade in 
December. The difference between the number employed the 
lowest and highest month is 1,078 persons. The Dry Goods has 
clearly two seasons of unusual business activity, the spring and 
the fall. 

In General Stores the employment was much more even than 
for Dry Goods. Outside of the three first months, which show 
a reduced number, the course is fairly even throughout the year. 
The lowest number, or 3,452 persons, was in February, the 
highest, or. 3, 742 persons, in July, in difference of 290 persons. 

The Grocery trade also presents a rather smooth course, per- 
haps the smoothest of all. Between February and December, 
the lowest and highest months, there is a difference in the num- 
ber employed of only 130 persons. 

In the Hardware trade the difference in the number em- 
ployed in February and August, the lowest and highest months, 
is 210 persons. In this trade the variations stand out somewhat 
more prominent than in some of the other trades, though, when 
it is considered that employes of all kinds are included, the fluc- 
tuations cannot be called bad. 

We have now reached the last of the preceding seven pre- 
sentations, that in which the number of persons for all are com- 
bined. As is to be expected, this presentation reflects the most 
important points already discussed. Thus-we find that, as a 
whole, fewer persons are employed the first part of the year than 
the last. This, as we have seen, is practically true of each one 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



763 



of the industries of which it is made up. February is the low 
month and December the high. The difference between the two, 
in point of the number employed, is from 12,338 to 14,158, or 
1,820 persons. In this presentation we also find the average 
number to each month. For the total of both sexes this average 
is 13,178 persons. As to the proportion of males and females 
of this number, we find that 9,701, or 73.54 per cent, are males 
and 3,477, or 26.46 per cent., are females. 

In the following exhibit we find the range of employment 
and unemployment in each of the different months during the 
year. As has been explained elsewhere, by the range of em- 
ployment is meant the per cent, employed each month as based 
upon the number for the month when the greatest number were 
employed. By unemployment is of course meant directly the 
opposite of employment. 



TOTAL PERSONS. RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 



Mouths. 



Total 
number 

em- 
ployed. 



Range of 
employ- 
ment. 
Per cent. 



Range 
of un- 
employ- 
ment. 
Per cent. 



January | 12,406 

February | 12,338 

Marcb I 12,550 

April j 12,986 . 

May I 13 , 138 

June I 13.332 

July | 13 , 138 

August I 13.016 

September | 13,476 

October I 13,768 

November | 13,828 

December I 14,158 



87.64 



12.36 



87.14 


12.86 


88.64 


11.36 


91.72 


8.64 


92.94 


7.06 


94.16 


5.84 


92.94 


7.06 


91.93 


8.07 


95.18 


4.82 


97.25 


2.75 


97.67 


2.33 



In the above exhibit we see, first, the total persons employed 
«ach month, second, the range of employment, and third, the 
range of unemployment. The totals here are, of course, the 
same as those in the presentation for all industries just dis- 
cussed. December is, as said, the month in which the greatest 
number were employed. In this month, therefore, there was 
full employment and no unemployment. In November, or the 
preceding month, 97.67 per cent, were employed and 2.33. per 
cent, were unemployed. From this point up, the per cent, em- 
ployed decreased and the per cent, of unemployed is increasing. 



T64 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



When February, reading up from the foot of the table, is 
reached, the per cent, employed is seen to be 87.14, and the per 
cent, unemployed 12.86. In both, this is the widest range, and 
the facts mean that 12.86 per cent, of those who could find em- 
ployment at some time during the year were then out of such 
employment. 

We have thus briefly seen the number of persons employed 
each month by each industry separately, and by all, when com- 
bined, and the range of employment and unemployment. The 
presentations which follow are devoted to the "Classified Weekly 
Earnings'' in the same industries. In this instance, as in that 
for employment, the facts for each industry or line of business 
are given separately, and are followed by explanations, or ana- 
lyses, in which all are combined. The same order of presenta- 
tion is also followed. 









BOOTS 

iclassified 


AND SHOES. 

weekly earniu 


gs.) 








Class 


FICATI 

V'aues. 


DN 


Shoe- 
mak- 
ers. 


Clebks. 


Book- 
keep- 
ers. 
cash- 
iers. 
Fe- 
males. 


Errand 
boys. 


Mis- 
cellan- 
eous. 


Totals. 


of T 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


$25.00 per 
20.00 but 


wk. and over! 
under $25.00i 
under 20.001 
under IS. 001 
under 15.00 
under 13.00 
under 12.00] 
under 11.00J 
under lO.OOi 
under P.00| 
under S.00| 
under 7.00! 
under 6.001 
under 5.50! 
under 5.00| 
under 4 .50) 
under 4.00| 
under 3.501 
under 3.001 
und'er 2.501 
under 2.00] 
50 1 


1 




.. ..!.. 


| 












i . i 










18.00 but 


1 


• -1 


:::::::|::.::::::l 


.. 








15.00 but 


II 

12 
2 1 
40 | 
32 | 
22 | 
16 i 
18 I 
| 


10 1 
I 


i 






12 
2 
40 
6 
SO 
42 
64 
42 
50 


2.96 


13.00 but 


i i 







.49 


12.00 but 
11.00 but 


22 

4 

38 

8 7 

40 | 

26 1 

26 

| 


i 







6 


9.86 
1.48 


lo.oo but 


2 

I ■■•■ 

i 2 

| 







19.70 


9.00 but 
8.00 but 






1 


2 
| 


10.35 
15.77 


7.00 but 


1 




10.35 


6.00 but 


4 1 2 
1 | 






12.31 


5.50 but 




| 






5.00 hut 


2 1 
! 

2 1 
| 


• 10 | 

2 1 

14 ! 

| 


2 I 2| 
j 






16 
2 
18 


3.94 








.49 


4.00 hut 
3 50 but 


1 

| | 




2 
1 




4.43 


3.00 but 
2 50 but 


1 

1 

! 

1 

! 


8 1 
2 ! 

4 1 
2 


4 1 

| | 


4 
6 
2 




16 

8 

6 

2 




3.94 
1.97 


2.00 but 
1 50 but 


1 

| 


1.47 
.49 


lender $1. 


| 












Is 

entagee 


1 














Totn 
Pere 


150 
36.95 


216 
53. 2l" 


10 | 8 

! • 
2.46 I 1.97 

1 


14 
3.44 


8 
1.97 


406 
100.00 


100.00 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



765 



DRUGS. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification of wages. 



T3 






Book- 


a 










a . 
cd co 

co a 

2* 
'5.2 


Clerks. 


keepers, 
etc. 


a 


o 

3 


CD 

o 

■5 

5 


3 

<D 

a 

cd 


Tot 


CO 


s 




1 


CD 


tec CO 


CD 




CD 












a 

a 
55 


S3 

Q 


cd 
a 


a 

CD 

Em 


a 


a 

CD 

Em 


cd 
H 




a 
a 


S 



$25.00 per wk. and over 


I....I.. .1 ...I.. 


.. .j | 


, 


20.00 but under 


$25.00 

20.00 


16 


.... 


4 |....| 12 


.... : 


32 1 2.59 


18.00 but under 




1 i ... 




15.00 but under 


18.00 

15.00 

13.00 

12.00 

11.00 

10.00 

9.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

5.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

2.50 


64 
32 
62 
16 
68 
20 
30 
34 
IS 

2 
16 

6 
16 

4 
12 

6 


.... 

4 .... 


6 |....| IS 
.... | j 


....! 




2 




94 
42 
98 
36 
140 
56 
92 
72 
98 
12 


7.63 


13.00 but under 


10 

24 




I 




3.41 


12.00 but under 




4 l....| 8 
2 | | 




7.96 


11.00 but under 


14 1.... 
60 | 
20 .... 






4 

8 
14 

2 

6 
12 

"4' 


2.92 


10.00 but under 


....| 4 1.... 


1 




11.36 


9.00 but under 


2 |.... .... 


| 




4.55 


8.00 but under 


54 
28 
50 

2 
46 

2 
30 

28 
14 




....| 6 '.... 


....| 




7. '47 


7.00 but under 




I....I.... 


2 1 
| 


2 

2 

2 

12 


5.85 


6.00 but under 
5.50 but under 


12 
6 


....| 4|'.... 


7.96 
97 


5.00 but under 


j 2 


| 


80 | 6.49 


4.50 but under 


4 
2 
2 

4 
2 




12 97 


4.00 but under 
3.50 but under 
3.00 but under 
2.50 but under 
2.00 but under 


....} 2 .... 

....!.... .... 

....1.... .... 

I 1 
I | 


6 1 

8 1 
36 | 
12 | 
34 | 

4 ! 

5 1 


14 
10 
34 
16 
38 
6 
14 


4 
"i' 


74 
24 
114 
50 
74 
10 
22 


6.01 
1.94 
9.25 
4.06 
6.01 




2.00 








| | 


v .81 


Under $1.50 






1 


| 1 


1 79 








i 


IT 




Totals' 


422 
34.25 


386 i 32 I 18 j 18 i 38 

1 I 1 ! 

31.33 2.5911.461 


110 | 

1 

S.93i 


150 
12.18 


58 
4.71 


1,232 ilOO.OO 
100 00 


Percentages 


















DRY GOODS, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification of wages. 



Clerks. 



Book- 




Ca 


sb 


M 


IS- 


keep- 




boys & 


cellan- 


ers, etc. 


CO 


girls. 


eous. 




CO 








• 




CD 










CD 


CD 

n 
a 


cd 
S 

CD 

Em 


a 


CO 


3 


CO 

CD 
"3 

a 


cd 

a 

CD 

Em 



Totals. 





^ 




a 


-3 

a 







CD 


?5 


Cm 



$2-5.00 

20.00 

18.00 

15.00 

13.00 

12.00 

11.00 

10.00 

9.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

5.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

2.50 

2. CO 

1.50 

Under 



per wk. and over, 
but under $25.00.. 
but under 20.00 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
$1.50 




Totals I 790 

Percentages |25.60 56.32 



ftiU 



ABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



GENERAL STORES, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 









Rook 






Mis 








Clerk*. 


keep- 






cellan- 


Totals. 




U 




ers. 


a 

CD 

£ 
>> 


CO 
CD 


eous. 




Classification of wages. 












m 




^ 




















CD 




a 






















43 

£ 

3 






CO 

a 
a 


CD 
CO 


CO 

E 


CD 


CO 


> 


y 

CO 


CD 
"cO 


£ 


u 

CD 




a 


3 


fc< 


2 


fe< 


P 


H 


a t 


z 


P4 



$25. CO per 

20.00 but 

IS. 00 Imt 

15.00 hut 

13.0? hut 

12.00 lmt 

11.00 hut 

10.00 hut 

9.00 hut 

8.P0 hut 

7.00 hut 

6.00 hut 

5.59 hut 

6.00 hut 

4. 50 hut 

4.00 hut 

3.50 hut 

3.00 hut 

2.50 hut 

2.00 hut 

1.50 hut 

Under $1. 



wk. and over, 
under 25.00.. 



under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
50 



20.00... 
IS. 00... 
15.00... 
13.00... 
12.00... 
11.00... 
10.00... 

9.00... 

S.00... 

7.00... 

6.00... 

5.50.., 
.5.00... 

4.50... 

4.00... 

3.50... 

3.00... 

2.50... 

2.00... 



.1... 



2 

6 

4S 

30 

140 

54 

306 

182 

350 

276 

352 

26 

172 

46 

70 

36 

54 

28 

12 

2 



2 
6 

12 

20 

58 | 
16S | 

36 | 
1S4 | 

4S 
126 I 

50 | 
144 | 

26 ! 

70 | 



2 

2 

6 

6 

2 
16 | 

2 
LO 

4 



2 ... 



2 | 36 | 10 



.1 



..I 4 | 



4 

2 | 4 

4 | 20 
2 

..] 10 

4 I S 

..I 4 



|....|....|. 



Totals 



64 12.192 I 962 



..1 

I- 

62 | 



2 
68 I16S 



Percentages 



| 1.60 |56.64 |24.86 |1.60|1.76|4.34|1.24|6.2O(1.70|lOO.00| 



20 | 
14 I. 
72 | 
20 |. 
•I. 



6 

8 

i 20 |.... 

.I....I 10 

I 10 I 4 

.|....| 2 

.| 22 | 8 



6 

10 

22 

82 

42 

190 

6S 

276 

234 

510 

450 

640 

64 

402 

110 

242 

98 

224 

68 

116 

10 

6 



0.1ft 
0.26 
0.56 
2.12 
1.08 
4.91 
1.76 
7.13 
6.04 
13.18 
11.62 
16.54 
1.66 
10.39 
2.84 
6.26 
2.54 
5.79 
1.75 
2.99 
0.26 
0.16 



-I 1- 



48 |240 | 66 I3.S70 100.00 



GROCERIES, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classsification of wages. 



Clerk 





Book- 








Mis- 




keep- 








cellan- 




er*, etc 


ci 

CD 

E 






eous. 








u 
















© 






CO 
















CD 


















CO 


CD 


F 


> 


£ 

r 


o? 


CD 


* ■ 








CD 









t> 


ta 


a 


fe- 


ft 


H 


Cl. 


a 


~ 



Totals 



$25.00 per wk. and over 
20.00 hut under $25.00.. 
18.00 hut under 
15.00 lmt under 
13.00 hut under 
12.00 hut under 
11.00 hut under 
10.00 but under 

9.00 hut under 

8.00 hut under 

7.00 hut under 

6.00 hut under 

6.50 hut under 

6.00 lmt under 

4.50 hut under 

4.00 hut under 

3.50 hut under 

?, ro lmt under 

2.50 hut under 

2.ro hut under 

1.50 hut under 
Under $1.50 



124 | 

44 | 

6 I. 



66 I. 

78 |. 

136 I. 

58 |. 

2=0 I 

150 I 

200 I 

no i 



20.00.. 

18.00.. 

15.00.. 

13.00.. 

12.00.. 

11.00... I 

10. 00... I 
9. 00... I 
8.00. ..1 
7.00. ..I 
6.00... 

5.50. ..I | 118 I 04 | 

5.00. ..I | 16 | 6 | 

4.50. ..I I 64 I 38 I 

4.00... | ! |. ...| 

3. HO. ..1 1 34 I '6 I 

3. 00... | | 4 I 16 | 

2. 50... I ; 4|4I 

2.00. ..1 1 1....I 



.! 6 



• I 12 



<12 I 

I 6 



146 I 36 



8 
2 
18 
.18 
50 
40 
70 



..I 8 
•■I 2 
.. 4 



50 I 
4 I. 

24 |. 

14 I. 

30 |. 
8 |. 



2 I. 



1104 1188 I.... 12. 784 '100.00 

I I 
Percentages | 7.33 (53.24 (7.39[2.29|4.03;i2.15 |3.09j3.73i6.75|....|100.00| 



Totals I 204 I1.4S2 1206 I 64 1112 ! 338 | 86 

I 



2 I. 

6 |. 

2 |. 

8 I. 

6 |. 

32 |. 

6 |. 

22 |. 

4 . 

38 |. 



150 

80 

12 

108 

90 

184 

84 

370 

24S 

328 

1*8 

316 



5.38 

2.87 
.44 
3.8X 
3.24 
6.61 
3.02 

13.29 
S.PO 

11.79 
6.75 

11.36 



42 |. 



12 

2 

. 6 



290 
?6 

146 
16 

104 

30 

12 
2 



10.42 

.93 

5.24 

.57 

3.73 

1.0S 

.43 

.07 



-I — ! — I- 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 

HARDWARE, 
(■classified weekly earnings.) 



767 





of wages. 


a 

; CD 

go 

<5 


Clerks. 


Bookkeep- 
ers, etc. 


CO 

1 

n 
H 


a 
o 

CD 

a 

CD 
O 


Totals. 


Classification 


09 


no 

CD 

c3 
E 
CD 

to 


CD 

"a 


CD 

"3 

a 

<D 
fa 


h 

CD 

a 

a 


a 

u 


$25. CO per wk. ar 


$25.00 


10 


6 

8 

14 

60 

12 

114 
76 

138 
76 
68 

118 

106 




4 








20 
8 

36 
136 

38 
39S 
104 
406 
322 
210 
278 
' 222 


.83 


20. CO but under 








.33 


18.00 but under 


20.00 






10 
10 




4 

56 
24 
190 


8 

4 

2 

74 

16 

50 

146 

92 

SO 

76 


1.49 


15.00 but under 


18.00 


6 


5.60 


13.00 but under 


15.00 


1.57 


12.00 but under 


13.00 


2 
6 
4 
2 




4 




16 
6 

8 
4 

8 
4 


2 


16.38 


11.00 but under 


12.00 


4.28 


10.00 but under 


11.00 


4 
4 

12 
8 

14 


202 
90 
30 
52 
22 


16.71 


9. 00 but under 


10.00 


13.26 


8.00 but under 


9.00 


8.65 




8.00 




11.45 


6. CO but under 


7.00 




9.13 




6.00 








5.50 




52 
18 
10 




10 
8 





6 


14 


22 
16 

10 

' 28 

6 

8 


104 

42 
20 
10 
40 
16 
12 
8 


4.27 




5.00 1 




1.72 




4.50 









4 




6 


.82 




4.00 










.41 


3.00 but under 


3.50 




6 

4 








6 
4 


1.64 




3.00 









2 


.65 


2.00 but under 


2.50 






4 
2 




.49 




2.00 




2 







4 


.32 




































Totals 


30 
1.23 


888 
36.55 


28 
1.15 


70 
2.88 


56 
2.30 


704 

28.98 
1 


654 
26.91 


2,430 
100.00 


100. oo 


Percentages 











The foregoing six tables show in order the "Classified Weekly 
Earnings" in the following retail trades: Boots and Shoes, 
Drugs, Dry Goods, General Stores, Groceries, and Hardware. 
The tables are comprehensive, each one giving for the industry 
it represents the earnings, not only for the total number of per- 
sons reported, but for those in each occupation. As an illustra- 
tion of what the presentations show we may turn back to the 
one for Boots and Shoes. Here we find the occupations classi- 
fied as Shoemakers or repairers, Clerks (male and female), 
Bookkeepers and Cashiers, Errand boys, and Miscellaneous 
hands. For those in each of these occupations the Classified 



Earnings are given. 



The tables also show the earnings for all 



when combined together with the per cent, of the number re- 
ceiving each specified sum. Thus, two shoemakers and ten 
clerks receive $15.00 but under $18.00 per week, while of the 
whole number reported twelve persons, or 2.06 per cent, of the 
total received this sum. Turning to the foot of the table we 



768 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



find that the number of shoemakers reported was 150, or 36.95 
per cent, of the whole number employed, and so on. The advan- 
tages connected with detailed presentations of this kind as com- 
pared with those where only the total for the industry are given, 
are many. In the first place it affords chances for comparisons 
as between the different occupations in the same industry. Then 
again it enables comparisons as between the same occupations 
in different industries. Detailed presentations are the most val- 
uable from almost any point of view. No attempt, however, 
has been made here to make the comparisons mentioned. The 
analyses which follow are limited to the total number for each 
industry, and for this purpose the totals are again presented. 

The next exhibit shows the total male persons in each industry 
who received classified weeklv earning. 



TOTAL MALE PERSONS RECEIVING CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. 



(6 industries.) 



Classification of weekly wages. 


Hard- 
ware. 

No. of 

males. 


Drug- 
gists. 

No. of 
males. 


Gro- 
ceries. 

No. of 
males. 


Dry 

goods. 

No. of 
males. 


Gen- 
eral 
stores . 

No. of 
males. 


Boots 

and 

shoes. 

No. of 
males. 


Totals 


$25.00 per wk. and over 

20.00 and under $25.00 

IS. 00 but under 20.00 

15.00 but under IS. 00 

13.00 but under 15.00 

12.00 but under 13.00 

11.00 but under 12.00 

10.00 but under 11.00 

9.0O but under 10.00 

8.00 but under 9.00 

7.00 but under 8.00 

6.00 but under 7.00 

5.50 but under 6.00 


20 
8 

36 
136 

38 
396 
104 
402 
318 
198 
270 
204 


32 



94 

42 
98 
36 

136 
56 
86 
72 
82 
6 
78 
8 
70 
22 

110 
48 
74 
10 
22 

1,182 

11.58 


150 

80 

12 

108 

84 

184 

82 

354 

242 

300 

170 

264 


10 
12 

16 

108 

50 

114 

6 

150 

38 

74 

78 

62 

19 


6 

10 

18 

72 

42 

182 

64 

258 

214 

478 

374 

460 

28 

208 

60 

112 

36 

76 

36 

38 

2 


i2 
2 

40 
6 
78 
42 
62 
42 
44 

12 

2 
18 

12 
8 
6 
2 


186 

142 

82 

530 

258 

1,014 

293 

1,378 

910 

1,198 

1,006 

1,116 

46 

642 

134 

364 

92 

396 

136 

218 

34 

26 


5.00 but under 5.50 

4.50 but under 5.00 

4.00 but under 4.50 

3.50 but under 4.00 

3.00 but under 3.50 

2.50 but under 3.00 

2.00 but under 2.50 

1.50 but under 2.00 

Pnder $1.50 


88 
34 
16 
10 
40 
14 
S 
6 


212 1 44 

20 J 10 

100 | 4S 

16 | 8 

70 | 88 

12 1 18 

4 1 88 

2 1 12 

1 4 | 


1 








Totals 


2,346 
22.99 


2,466 1 1,050 I 2,774 


388 
3.80 


10,206 
100.00 


Percentages 






1 





MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



769 



TOTAL FEMALE PERSONS RECEIVING 

EARNINGS. 

(6 industries, i 



CLASSIFIED WEEKLY 



Classification of weekly wages. 



Hard- 
ware. 



No. 

of fe- 
males. 



Drug- 
gists. 



No. 

of fe- 
males. 



Gro- 
ceries. 



No. 

of fe- 
males 



Dry 

goods. 



No. 
of fe- 
males, 



Gen'l 
stores. 



No. 

of fe- 
males 



Boots 
and 
shoes. 
1 Totals. 



No. 

of fe- 
males 



$Z5.UU per wk. ami over. 

20.00 but under $25.00.., 

18.00 but under 20.00... 

15.00 but under 18.00... 

13.00 but under 15.00... 

12.00 but under 13.00... 

11.00 but under 12.00... 

10.00 but under 11.00... 

0.00 but under 10.00.. 

8.00 but under 9.00... 

7.00 but under 8.00... 

COO but under 7.00... 

5.50 but under 6.00... 

5.00 but under 5.50... 

4.50 but under 5. CO... 

4.00 but under 4.50... 

3.60 but under 4.00... 

3.00 but under 3.50... 

2.50 but under 3.00... 

2.00 but under 2.50..., 

1.50 but under 2.00... 

Under $1.50 



Totals 

Percentages 



2 I 



1 


2 


4 1 


16 


1 


6 


6 I 


28 




18 


16 | 


52 


6 |. 




2 1 


78 


4 1 


6 


4 1 


46 


2 I- 




4 1 


34 


2 I 


18 


1 

• 


8 



2 

8 

22 

6 

16 

6 

66 

38 

122 

130 

380 

52 

352 

102 

182 

112 

258 

84 

50 

46 

2 



84 
2.33 



50 | 
1.39 | 



318 

S.S3 



2.036 | 
56.52 | 



1,096 
30.43 







2 


4 1.. 




12 


10 1 . . 




32 
12 


8 [., 




26 


4 I-. 




12 


IS | 


2 


110 


20 .. 




68 


32 1 


2 


202 


76 1.. 




232 


ISO | 


6 


652 


36 |.. 





94 


194 | 


4 


646 


50 |.. 




170 


130 |.. 





366 


62 |.. 




176 


148 | 


4 


448 


32 1.. 




138 


78 .. 




140 


8 .. 




56 


6 I 




8 



3,602 
100.00 



TOTAL MALE AND FEMALE PERSONS RECEIVING CLASSIFIED 
WEEKLY EARNINGS. 
(6 industries.) 



• 
Classification of weekly wages. 


Hard 
ware. 

No. 

of em- 
ployes. 


Drug- 
gists. 

No. 

of em- 
ployes . 


Gro- 
ceries. 

No. 
of em- 
ployes. 


Dry 
goods. 

No 
of em- 
ployes. 


Gen'l 
stores. 

No. 
of em- 
ployes . 


Boots 

and 

shoes. 

No. 

of em- 
ployes. 


Totals . 



$25.00 

20.00 

18.00 

15.00 

13.00 

12.00 

11.00 

10.00 

9.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

5.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

2.50 

2.00 

1.50 

Under 



per wk. and over, 
but under $25.00.. 
but under 20.00.. 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 5.50. 
but under 5.00. 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
$1.50 



IS. 00. . 
15.00.. 
13.00.. 

12.00.. 
11.00.. 
10.00.. 

9.00.. 

8.00.. 

7.00.. 

6.00. 



20 I 
S I 

36 | 
136 | 

38 ! 
398 | 
104 | 
406 I 
322 | 
210 
27s 



32 



4.50. 
4.00. 
3.50. 
3.00. 
2.50. 
2.00. 



104 

42 
. 20 
10 I 
40 | 
16 | 
12 I 



Totals 

Percentages 

49 



2.430 
17.60 



94 
42 | 
98 | 
36 I 

140 | 
56 I 
92 | 
72 | 
98 | 
12 I. 
80 | 
12 I 
74 I 
24 | 

114 I 
50 I 
74 I 
10 I 
22 |. 

1- 

1,232 | 
8.92 I 



150 | 

SO | 

12 I 

108 I 

90 | 

1S4 | 

84 | 

370 | 

248 | 

328 | 

188 | 

316 | 



290 | 
26 | 

146 | 
16 | 

104 I 
30 I 
12 I 
2 I 



2,784 
20.16 



10 
14 
24 

130 

56 
130 

12 
716 

76 
1% 
208 
442 

64 
396 
112 
230 
120 
346 
102 
138 

58 
6 



3.086 
22.34 



6 I 
10 | 
22 | 
82 | 
42 | 

190 
68 

276 

234 

510 

450 

640 
64 

402 

110 

242 
98 

224 
68 

116 

10 

6 



3,870 
28.02 



If, 
2 
18 I 



16 



406 
2.96 



186 

144 

94 

562 

270 
1,04* 

310 
1,488 

978 
1,400 



238 
768 
140 
288 
304 
730 
268 
844 
274 
358 
90 
34 



13,808 
100.00 



770 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

In the preceding three exhibits are found the "Classified 
Weekly Earning" of 2,346 males, 84 females, or 2,430 persons 
in the Hardware trade; 1,182 males, 50 females, or 1,232 per- 
sons in the Drug trade; 2,466 males and 318 females, or 2,784 
persons in the Grocery trade; 1,050 males and 2,036 females, 
or 3,086 persons in the Dry Goods trade ; 2,774 males and 1,096 
females, or 3,870 persons in General Stores, and 388 males and 
18 females, or 406 persons in the Boot and Shoe trade. When 
combined, this makes 10,206 males, 3,602 females, or a total of 
13,808 persons; and of these also the earnings are shown. 

As little has been said about the relative number of males 
and females in each industry, it may be well to add something 
here. From above figures, and from the tables, it is figured out 
that the females constituted 3.46 per cent, in the Hardware 
line; 4.89 per cent, in Drugs; 11.43 per cent, in Groceries; 
65.97 per cent, in Dry Goods ; 28.32 per cent, in General Stores ; 
4.43 per cent, in Boots and Shoes, and 26.09 per cent, in the 
total for all these trades when combined. In the Dry Goods 
trade there were two women employes to one man. This, how- 
ever, is an exception so far as the industries included here are 
concerned. In General Stores the per cent, of women was 
quite large, but far from as great as in Dry Goods. In the 
other industries it was perhaps as small as was expected. 

The three exhibits which follow show the per cent, of those 
who received Classified Weekly Earnings. It will be noticed 
that these exhibits differ from the preceding ones only in this, 
that instead of the actual number they show the per cent, of 
same of the total : 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



Ill 



per cent, op males. 



Classification of weekly wages. 



Hard- 
ware. 



Males 
per cf 



Drug- 
gists. 



Males 
per ct 



Gro- 
ceries. 



Males 
per ct, 



$25.00 
20.00 
18.00 
15.00 
13.00 
12.00 
11.00 
10.00 
9.00 
8.00 
7.00 
6.00 
5.50 
5.00 
4.50 
4.00 
3.50 
3.00 
2.50 
2.00 
1.50 
Under 



per wk. and over, 
but under $25.00.. 



but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
$1.50 



20.00. 
18.00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11. 00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

2.50. 

2.00. 



.85 

.34 

1.53 

5.80 

1.62 

16. 8S i 

4.43 I 
17.14 I 
13.55 | 

8.44 | 
11.51 

8.69 



Percentages 



3.75 
1.45 
.69 
.43 
1.70 
.60 
.34 
.26 



100. 



7.96 I 
3.56 | 
8.29 | 
3.05 
11.52 
4.74 
7.28 
6.09 
6.94 

.51 
6.60 

.68 
5.92 
1.86 
9.31 
4.06 
6.21 

.85 
1.86 



100. 



Dry 

goods. 



Males 
per ct 



Gen'l 
stores. 



Males 
per ct 



6.08 
3.24 I 
.49 I 
4.3S I 
3.41 I 
7.46 | 
3.32 

14.35 
9.81 

12.17 
6.89 

10.71 



8.60 
.SI 

4.06 
.65 

2.84 
.49 
.16 
.08 



100. 



.95 
1.14 
1.53 
10.29 
4.76 
10.86 

.57 
14.29 
3.62 
7.05 
7.43 
5.90 
1.14 
4.19 

.95 
4.57 

.76 
S.38 
1.72 
8.38 
1.14 

.38 



100. 



.22 

.36 

.65 

2.59 

1.51 

6.56 

2.31 

9.30 

7.71 

17.26 

13.48 

16.58 

1.00 

7.50 

2.16 

4.04 

1.30 

2.73 

1.30 

1.37 

.07 



MM). 



Boots 
and 

shoes. 



Males 
per ct. 



Total 
per ct. 
of 
male 
em- 
ployes. 



3.09 

.52 

10.31 

1.54 
20.10 
10.82 
15.98 
10.82 
11.34 



3. .09 

.52 

4.64 



3.10 

2.07 

1.54 

.52 



100. 



1.83 
1.40 

.81 

5.19 

2.52 

9.93 

2.92 

13.52 

8.90 

11.73 

9.85 

10.93 

.45 
6.29 
1.32 
8.57 

.90 
3.88 
1.33 
2.14 

.34 

.25 



100. 



PER CENT. OF FEMALES. 



i Classification of weekly wages. 



Hard- 
ware. 



Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Drug- 
gists. 



Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Gro- 
ceries. 



Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Dry 
goods. 



Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Gen'l 
stores. 



Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Boots 

and 

shoes. 



Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Total 
per ct. 
of fe- 
male 
em- 
ployes . 



$25.00 

20.00 

18.00 

15.00 

13.00 

12.00 

11.00 

10.00 

9.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

fi.OO 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

2.50 

2.00 

1.50 

Under 



Percentages 




per wk. and over 
but under $25.00 
but under 20.00 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
$1.50 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



PER CENT. OF TOTALS. 



Classification of weekly wages. 



Hard- 
ware. 



Per ct. 

of 
total. 



Drug- 
gists. 



Per ct. 

of 
total. 



Gro- 
ceries. 



Per ct. 

of 
total. 



Dry I Gen'l 
]goods. stores. 



Per ct. Per ct 

of of 

total, total. 



525.00 

20.00 

18.00 

15.00 

13.00 

12.00 

11.00 

10.00 

9.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

5.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

2.50 

2.00 

1.50 

Under 



per wk. and over, 
but under $25.00... 
but under 20.00. 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but undre 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
but under 
J1.50 



18.00. 

15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50. 

3.00. 

2.50. 

2.00. 



.82 
.33 
1.48 
5.59 
1.56 

16.38 
4.28 

16.71 

13.25 
S.65 

11.44 
9.14 



2.60 


2.87 




.43 


7.63 


3.87 


3.41 


3.23 


7.96 


6.60 


2.92 


3.01 


11.36 


13.28 


4.54 


8.98 


7.47 


11.78 



4.28 | 
1.73 | 

.82 

• 42 I 
1.65 | 

.66 I 

.49 

.32 | 



Percentages I 100. 



5.84 I 
7.95 | 

.98 |. 
6.49 | 

.98 I 
6.00 
1.95 
9.26 I 
4.06 | 
6.00 

.81 | 
1.79 I. 



5.38 
2.87 
.43 
3.87 
3.23 
6.60 
3.01 
3.28 
8.98 
1.78 
6.75 I 
11.35 | 



10.42 | 

.93 | 
5.24 | 

.57 | 
3.73 i 
1.08 | 

.43 ! 

.07 I 



100. 



100. 



I 100. 



100. 



Boots 

and 

shoes 



Per ct 

of 
total. 



Per ct. 
of 
total 
em- 
ployes . 



.32 1 


.15 | 


.45 | 


.26 


.77 | 


.57 


4.22 | 


2.12 


1.82 ! 


1.09 


4.22 | 


4.91 


.39 | 


1.76 


7.00 | 


7.13 


2.46 | 


6.05 


6.35 | 


13.18 


6.74 | 


11.63 


14.32 | 


16.53 


2.07 | 


1.65 


12.83 | 


10.39 


3.63 1 


2.84 


7.45 1 


6.25 


3.89 | 


2.54 


11.21 | 


5.79 | 


3.31 | 


1.75 ! 


4.47 | 


3.00 | 


1.88 | 


.26 | 


.20 | 


.15 | 



100. 




1.34 
1.04 
.68 
4.07 
1.95 
7.53 
2.24 

10.78 
7.08 

10.14 
8.97 

12.81 
1.02 
9.33 
2.20 
5.29 
1.94 
6.11 
1.99 
2.68 



.21 



100. 



In the preceding three exhibits we find the per cent, of the 
total of the male, female and total of both M'ho received "Classi- 
fied Weekly Earnings" in each industry included here. The 
exhibits are comprehensive. In fact, they go into greater de- 
tail in the classification of the earnings than would seem neces- 
sary merely for comparative purposes. For this reason and also 
in order to conform to census and other presentations, the classi- 
fications were reduced in number, and as thus reduced and 
arranged, presented in the three exhibits which follow. The 
first presentation shows, separately, the male, female, and total 
persons employed by the above six industries. The second gives 
the per cent, of these in each case, and the third is devoted to a 
comparison of the earnings as between these industries : 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



NUMBER OF MALES, FEMALES AND TOTAL PERSONS RECEIVING 
CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS IN SIX MERCANTILE INDUS- 
TRIES. 



Classification of weekly earnings 



Number 

of 
males. 



Number 

of 
females. 



Total 
number. 



Under $5.00 per week. 



$5.00 but under 

COO but under 

7.00 but under 

8.00 but under 

9.00 but under 

10.00 but uncler 

12.00 but under 

15.00 but under 

20.00 and over.. 



.00. 

7.00. 

8.00. 
9.00.. 
10. oo. 
12.00. 
15.00. 
20.00. 



1,400 

688 

1.116 

1,006 

1,198 

910 

1.676 

1,272 

612 

328 



Totals 

Percentages 



10,206 
73.91 



1,502 

740 

652 

232 

202 

68 

122 

38 

44 

2 



3,602 
26.09 



2,902 

1,428 

1,768 

1,238 

1,400 

978 

1.79S 

1,310 

656 

330 



13, SOS 
100.00 



PER CENT. OF MALES, FEMALES AND TOTAL PERSONS IN SIX MERCAN- 
TILE INDUSTRIES WHO RECEIVED CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARN- 
INGS. 



Classification of weekly earnings. 



Males 
per cent. 



Females 
per cent. 



Total 
per cent. 



Under $5.00 per week. 
$5.00 but under $6.00. 

6.00 but unTJer 7.00. 

7.00 but under 8.00. 

8.00 but under 9.00. 

9. 00 but under 10.00. 
10.00 but under 12.00. 
12.00 but under 15.00. 
15.00 but under 20.00. 
20.00 and over 



13.73 
6.74 

10.93 
9.85 

11.73 
8.90 

16.44 

12.45 
6.00 
3.23 



41.71 

20.54 

18.10 

6.44 

5.61 

1.89 

3.38 

1.05 

1.22 

.06 



Total percentages 100.00 I 100.00 



21.02 

10.35 

12.81 

8.97 

10.14 

7.08 

13.02 

9.48 

4.75 

2.38 



100.00 



The two preceding tables represent the situation after reduc- 
ing the classifications so as to correspond to those of the census. 
The first table in order gives the number and the second the per- 
cent. A comparison of these tables with those from which they 
were reduced will reveal many improvements in the former. 
The classifications are fewer but so arranged as to show almost 
as much of the condition of earnings as in the former tables 
where more numerous. The earnings for the different grades 
of workers are nearly always tending towards a certain point 
in each case. If these points are observed in a classification of 
the earnings, a few classes may be made to express as much 
about the condition as a greater number. The above tables are 



774 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

made up on this basis, aud it is believed the}' will prove satis- 
factory. 

The first class in order, in the above tables, is that of "Under 
$5.00 per week." While this is a small earning, so small, in- 
deed that it is hard to see how anybody can live on it, the class 
includes 2,902 persons, or 21.02 per cent, of the total. It is, of 
course, true that practically all of these are children, young per- 
sons, and women, and that a large proportion of them do not de- 
pend entirely upon their own earnings for their support. This, 
however, does not help matters with those who must live upon 
this earning. Comparing the number in this class with that of 
either of the other classes it is found to be much the largest in 
the table. This is significant. The class nearest to it is that of 
$10.00 but under. $12.00. This class, however, has only 1,798 
persons, or 13.02 per cent, of the total. There are several other 
classes which show up quite well, but the two mentioned are the 
highest in point of the number. The fewest number of em- 
ployes are found in the highest-paid classes. Thus we find that 
the two last classes in the tables include only 4.75 and 2.38 per 
cent, of the total. 

Here, as in all other wage tables of this kind, the highest pro- 
portion of females is found for the classes with the lowest earn- 
ings. In the above tables this fact is particularly prominent. 

It is not until the wages reach and exceed one dollar per day 
that this situation is reversed. The relative position of the two 
sexes with respect to earnings is also illustrated by the following 
facts : Of the total number of females employed, 41.71 per cent, 
received less than $5.00 per week, while, of the males, only 
1 3.73 per cent, earned less than this amount. 

In the next exhibit the classifications are reduced to a still 
smaller number. Here we find the per cent, of the total in each 
trade who earned. -respectively, $9.00, $7.00, $6.00, $5.00 and 
over, and less than $5.00 per week. This presentation is in- 
cluded in order to compare the earnings in each industry : 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



775 



-COMPARISONS OP CLASSIPIED WEEKLY" EARNINGS IN SIX RE- 
TAIL MERCANTILE INDUSTRIES. AS COMPILED FROM THE PRE- 
CEDING PRESENTATIONS. 





Per Cent, of 


Persons of the Total 
Receiving 


Classification of Industries. 


£9.00 per 

week 
ind over. 


$7 00 per 

week 
and orer 


$6.00 per 

week 
and over. 


$5 00 per 

week 
and over. 


Under 

$") 00 i er 

week. 




44. S2 
40.42 
21.65 
24.04 
47.^5 
60.40 


70.92 
53.73 
34.74 
48.85 
66.18 
80.49 


83.24 
61.68 

49.06 

65.38 

' 77.53 

S9.63 


87.18 
69.15 
63.96 
77.42 
87.95 
93.91 


12.82 


Drugs 


30.85 




36.04 




22.58 




12.05 




6.09 






. , 


36.71 


55.82 


68.63 


78.98 


21.02 



As seen, six mercantile trades are included in the preceding 
exhibit. For each of these we find the per cent, of the total of 
those who earned a specified sum or over per week. We also find 
the same facts for all of these industries when combined. 

It is interesting to note here not only the situation as regards 
earnings in each line of trade, but when compared to each other. 
Boots and Shoes is the first industry to appear. In this instance 
we find that 44.82 per cent, of the total number received $9.00 
per week and over; that 70.92 per cent, received $7.00 and over; 
that 83.24 per cent, received $6.00 and over; that 87.18 per 
cent, received $5.00 and over, and that 12.82 per cent, of 
the whole number received less than $5.00 per week. 
Comparing these facts with those for other industries, it 
will be noticed that the Boot and Shoe trade shows a 
somewhat higher earnings than Drugs, Dry Goods, and 
General Stores; a lower earnings than Hardware, and about the 
same as Groceries. In fact, the closeness between Boots and 
Shoes and Groceries in point of earnings is rather marked. 
There are many circumstances which contribute to the bringing 
about of this. In these two lines of retail trade about the same 
quality of help is required, and in neither of them is the pro- 
portion of females and children employes very large. In Dry 
Goods the earning is the lowest and is closely followed by Gen- 
eral Stores. The lower earnings in these cases can, of course, 
largely be attributed to the high proportion of females and chiV 



776 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

dren among the employes. The Drug trade presents a feature 
peculiarly its own. Pharmacy partakes of the professions, and 
registered pharmacists are fairly well paid. On the other hand, 
most drug stores seem to have their low paid clerk, apprentice, or 
errand boy. When all employes in such places are included it is 
of course plain that the average for all should be greatly reduced. 
In the basic tables, however, each occupation is presented sep- 
arately, and opportunities are thus afforded those who may de- 
sire it to study each occupation by itself alone, as well as in con- 
nection with others. 

The presentation for all, or the six industries or lines of retail 
trade, show 36.-71 per cent, received $9.00 per week or over* 
that 55.82 per cent, received $7.00 or over; that 68.63 per cent, 
received $6.00 or over; that 78.98 per cent, received $5.00 or 
over; and that 21.02 per cent, received less than $5.00 per week. 
Taken as a whole it can be said that in Drugs, Dry Goods and 
General Stores the average earnings is lower than the average 
for all, while in Boots and Shoes, Groceries and Hardware the 
earnings are somewhat higher than the average for all. 

The above conclusions have been drawn from the reports of 
3,754 establishments, employing 13,808 persons, or about 46 per 
cent, of the total in these lines in the state. 

The three exhibits which follow show, for each trade or in- 
dustry included, the per cent, of the persons under each class 
of earnings as based upon the total number of persons for t>he 
six industries covered by this investigation. These exhibits are 
comprehensive and are included to aid those who may desire 
to carry the comparison of the facts further than has been done 
in the preceding pages. Those using the facts, however, should 
bear in mind that, as said, the per cent, in each case is the rela- 
tion which the number of persons in that case bears to the total 
number of persons for the six trades, or the 13,808 persons em- 
ployed in all of them. 



MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, 1898-1899. 



777 



MALES. 







Hard- 


Drug- 


Gro- 


Dry 


Gen'I 


Boot 

and 

shoes. 








ware. 


gists. 


ceries. 


goods. 


stores. 


Total 
















per ct. 
males. 






















Males 


Males 


Males 


Males 


Males 


Males 








per ct. 


per ct. 


per ct. 


per ct. 


per ct. 


per ct. 




$25.00 per week and over 


.20 




1 
1.47 


.10 


.06 




1.83 


20.00 but under 


$25. Op 


.08 


.31 


.78 


.12 


.11 




1.40 


18.00 but under 


20.00 


.35 




.12 


.16 


.18 




.81 


15.00 but under 


18.00 


1.33 


.92 


1.06 


1.06 


.70 


.12 


5.19 


13.00 but under 


15.00 


.37 


.41 


.82 


.49 


.41 


.02 


2.52 


12.00 but under 


13.00 


3.88 


.96 


1.80 


1.11 


1.79 


.39 


9.93 


11.00 but under 


12.00 


1 02 


.26 


.79 


.06 


.63 


.06 


2.92 


10.00 but under 


11.00 


3.94 


1.34 


3. 48 


1.47 


2.53 


.76 


13.52 


9.00 but under 


10.00 


3.11 


.55 


2.37 


.37 


2.09 


.41 


8.90 


8. CO but under 


9.00 


1.94 


.84 


2.94 


.72 


4.68 


.61 


11.73 


7.00 but under 


8.00 


2.65 


.70 


1.67 


.76 


3.66 


.41 


9.85 


6.00 but under 


7.00 


2.00 


.80 


2.59 


.61 


4.51 


.42 


10.93 




6.00 





.06 

.77 


2.07 


.12 
.43 


.27 
2.04 


.12 


.45 


5.00 but under 


5.50 


.86 


6.29 


4.50 but under 


5.00 


.33 


.OS 


.20 


.10 


.59 


.02 


1.32 


4.00 but under 


4.50 


.16 


.68 


.98 


.47 


1.10 


.18 


3.57 


3.50 but under 


4.00 


.10 


.21 


.16 


.08 


.35 





.90 


3.00 but under 


3.50 


.39 


1.09 


.68 


.86 


.74 


.12 


3.83 


2.50 but under 


3.00 


.14 


.46 


.12 


.18 


.35 


.08 


1.33 


2.00 but under 


2.50 


.08 


.73 


.04 


.86 


.37 


.06 


2.14 


1.50 but under 


2.00 


.06 


.10 


.02 


.12 


.02 


.02 


.34 








.21 




.04 

| 






.25 
















22.99 
- 


11.58 


24.16 


10.29 


' 27.18 


3.80 


100.00 









FEMALES. 



Classification of weekly wages. 



Hard- 
ware. 


Drug- 
gists. 


Gro- 
ceries. 


Dry 
gooas. 

Fe- 
males 
per ct. 


Gen'I 
stores. 

Fe- 
males 
per ct 


Boots 
and 

shoes. 

Fe- 
males 
per ct. 


Fe- 
males 
per ct. 


Fe- 
males 
per ct. 


Fe- 
males 
per ct. 



Total 
per ct. 

fe- 
males. 



$25.00 per week and over. 
20.00 but under $25.00... 
18.00 but under 20.00. 
15.00 but under 
13.00 but under 
12.00 but under 
11.00 but under 
10.00 but under 

9.00 but under 

8.00 but under 

7.00 but under 

6.00 but under 

5.50 but under 

5.00 but under 

4.50 but under 

4.00 but under 

3.50 but under 

3.00 but under 

2.50 but under 

2.00 but under 

1.50 but under 
Under $1.50 



18.00. 
15.00. 
13.00. 
12.00. 
11.00. 
10.00. 

9.00. 

8.00. 

7.00. 

6.00. 

5.50. 

5.00. 

4.50. 

4.00. 

3.50.. 

3.00., 

2.50.. 

2.00. 



Percentages 



.05 



.11 
.11 

.33 

.22 
.50 



.16 



.11 



.17 | 



.05 
.12 
.05 



2.33 



.44 
.17 
.06 
.11 
.11 
.06 
.11 
.05 



1.39 



.06 
.44 
.17 
.78 
.51 
1.45 



2.14 

.16 

1.2S 



.94 
.51 
.23 



I .06 

I .22 

| .61 

I -17 

I .44 

| .16 

| 1.83 

I 1.05 

I 3.39 

| 3.60 

| 10.55 

I 1.44 

9.78 

| 2.83 

| 5.05 

3.11 

7.16 

2.33 

1.40 

1.28 

I .06 

I 

56.52 



.23 
.11 

.50 

.56 

.89 

2.11 

5.00 

1.00 

5.38 

1.40 

3.61 

1.72 

4.11 

.89 

2.14 

.22 

.17 

30.43 



.06 



.05 



.16 



.r» ! » 



.06 

.33 

.89 

.33 

.72 

.33 

3.05 

1.89 

5.61 

6.44 

IS. 10 

2.61 

17.93 

4.72 

10.17 

4.89 

12.43 

3.83 

3.89 

1.55 

.23 

100.00 



778 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



TOTAL. 



Classification of weekly wages. 



$25.00 per w«;ek and over. 

20.00 but under $25.00... 

18.00 but under 20.00... 

15.00 but under 18.00... 

13.00 but under 15.00... 

12.00 but under 13. 00... 

11.00 but under 12.00... 

10. 00 but under 11.00... 

9. CO but under 10.00... 

8.00 but under 9.00... 

7.00 but under 8.00... 

COO but under 7.00... 

5.50 but under 6.00... 

5.00 but under 5.50... 

4.50 but under 5.00... 

4.00 but under 4.50... 

3.50 but under 4.00... 

3.00 but under 3.50... 

2.50 but under 3.00... 

2.00 but under 2.50... 

1.50 but under 2.00... 

Under $1.50 



Hard- 
ware. 



Per ct 

of all 

em 



Drug- 
gists. 



Ppr ct. 
of all 

eill- 



Dry 
goods. 



Per ct. 

of all 

em- 



ployes, ployes. ployes. ployes. ployes ployes 



Gro-: 
ceries. 



Per ct 
of all 

em- 



Gen'l 

stores. 



Per ct. 

of all 

em- 



Boots 
and 

shoes- 



Per ct 

of all 

em 



.14 

.06 

.26 

.98 

.28 

2.88 

.75 

2.94 

2.33 

1.53 

2.02 

1.61 



.76 

.30 
.14 
.07 
.29 
.11 
.09 
.06 



Percentages 17.60 



.23 



.30 
.71 
.26 
1.02 
.41 
.66 
.52 
.71 
.08 
.57 
.09 
.54 
.17 
.83 
.37 
.54 
.07 
.16 



8.92 



1.09 

.58 

.09 

.79 

.65 

1.33 

.61 

2.68 

1.80 

2.36 

1.36 

2.29 

- 2.10' 
.19 
1.06 
.12 
.75 
.22 
.08 
.01 



20.16 



.07 
.10 
.17 
.94 
.41 
.94 
.09 

1.56 
.55 

1.42 

1.50 

3.20 
.47 

2.87 
.81 

1.67 
.87 

2.50 
.74 

1.00 
.42 
.04 



22.34- 



.04 

.07 

.16 

.59 

.30 

1.38 

.49 

2.00 

1.69 

3.70 

3.26 

4.63 

.47 

2.91 

.80 

1.75 

.71 

1.62 

.49 

.84 

.08 

.04 



28.02 



2.96 



Total 
per ct. 

of all 
em- 
ployes. 



1.34 
1.04 
.68 
4.07 
1.95 
7.53 
2.24 

10.78 
7.08 

10.14 
8.97 

12.81 
1.03 
9.33 
2.20 
5.29 
1.94 
6.11 
1.99 
2.69 
.65 
.24 



100.00 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 779 



EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS IN FOURTEEN 
SKILLED TRADES AND OF MINERS, QUARRY- 
MEN AND COAL AND WOOD HANDLERS. 

In the foregoing pages of this part — Part VI — have been pre- 
sented the employment and earnings in certain manufacturing 
industries and in six lines, or industries, in the retail trade in 
this state. In these pages we find the "Classified Weekly Earn- 
ings;" "The Number Employed by the Hour, Day and Piece;" 
"The Number Employed Each Month," etc., in fourteen so- 
called skilled trades, and of those employed in mines, quarries, 
and for handling coal and wood in this state in 1898. 

The so-called fourteen trades are Bakers, Blacksmiths, Brick 
and Stone Masons, Carpenters and Builders, Carriage and 
Wagon Makers, Machinists, Marble and Granite Cutters, Mer- 
chant Tailors, Persons employed by General Contractors, Paint- 
ers, Plumbers, Printers, etc., Tinsmiths, and Well Drillers. 

The data, in each case, were obtained direct from the employ- 
ers, or contractors, and covered all persons employed by them, 
whether skilled workmen or not. As many skilled hands, when 
engaged in their trade, must have tenders and helpers who earn 
little, if any, more than common laborers, and as much common 
labor is necessarily employed in most or all business of this kind, 
it appears that the earnings presented are not those of skilled 
labor alone, but of skilled labor along with all other help em- 
ployed in their line. A contractor, for instance, employs so 
many skilled hands, so many helpers, and so many tenders and 
common laborers. In their reports of the earnings of those em- 
ployed by them, the contractors were asked to include all their 
employes regardless of the actual occupation. From these facts 
it is readily seen that the persons included here can not by any 
means be exclusively regarded as skilled hands. This should be 
borne in mind by those who may use the facts presented in the 
tables which follow. 

The main facts in each trade are presented in one table of 
three parts. The first part in order of these shows the classified 



vso 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



weekly earnings, first of all males IS years and over ; second, of 
all females 18 years and over; third, of all males under 
18 years ; and, fourth, of all females under 18 years of age, who 
were included in the reports. This part also has a column for 
the total number, in which the whole number employed, regard- 
less of age and sex, are combined ; and one column in which 
is found the per cent, of the total in each class as based upon 
the total number reported in that trade. 

The second part is devoted to Hour, Day and Piece hands. It 
shows the number of persons in each of the sex and age classes 
given above who were employed by the Hour, Day and Piece. 
It also shows the total and percentage in each of these cases, as 
well as the number and per cent, in each sex and age class. In 
this last respect the figures for the first and second part 'neces- 
sarily corresponds. 

The third part, in order, relates to the persons employed by 
months. It shows the average number of males, females, and 
total for both, who were employed each month throughout the 
year. It also shows the range of employment and unemploy- 
ment. This table thus points out the range of employment dur- 
ing the year, and for this reason is of special value. 

Besides those contained in the three parts described, many 
other facts were collected. Thus in foot notes under each table 
we find, for the year, the average days of employment, the av- 
erage hours of labor in a day's work in summer and winter, the 
number of accidents, the total amount paid as wages and salaries 
respectively. 

The average number of days in operation and the average 
hours in a day's work were obtained by dividing the sum of 
these facts for all establishments by the whole number of these 
establishments. The accidents given are the total number re- 
ported. It would have 'been interesting to know and to have 
been able to give the nature and details of each accident. This, 
however, was found to be out of the question, because the em- 
ployers, while requested to report upon them in full, did not 
see fit to comply, except in a few cases. The figures represent- 
ing^the amount paid in wages and salaries is the sum reported 
by all the establishments included. The sums as they stand 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



781 



are approximately correct. By dividing the amount paid as 
wages with the average number employed, as given at the foot 
of the table for persons employed by months, the average yearly 
earning to each worker may be obtained. These calculations, 
however, have not been carried out in each case. The main 
reason for omitting this is, that it could not be clearly made out 
whether the number of persons reported for each month consist- 
ed of wage earners only, as requested, or whether salaried per- 
sons also were included. The chances are that in this respect 
the employers reported according to instructions. On the other 
hand there was some evidence to the contrary. Any one who 
may desire the yearly earnings can easily obtain this sum in 
the way pointed out above. 

The facts thus outlined are presented for each trade as well 
as for all when combined. All the facts for each industry are 
also found on one page. For the fourteen trades the basic data 
thus cover fourteen pages. In addition to this there is one page 
of summaries, or a table in which the fourteen tables are com- 
bined. After this follows a brief analysis with comparisons of 
the earnings in each trade. 

The following facts showing the number of persons embraced 
indicate the extent and representative character of this investi- 
gation : 



Classification of Industries. 



Number of Persons 
Employed. 



Males. I Females 



Totals. 



Bakeries 

Blacksmiths 

Brick and stone masons 

Carpenters and builders 

Carriage and wagon makers. 

Machinists 

Marble and granite cutters . 

Merchant tailors 

General contractors 

Tainters 

Plumbers 

Printers 

Tinsmiths 

Well drivers 



Totals 



746 

672 

1,580 

5,733 

426 

558 

434 

1.028 

2,052 

1.556 

708 

1,655 

300 

291 

17,739 



338 
14 



21 



228 



16 

8 
406 



1,084 

686 

1,580 

5,763 

426 

579 

434 

1,256 

2,052 

1,572 

716 

2,061 

300 

291 



1,061 I 18,800 

r 



782 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

The preceding table shows that 17,739 male, 1,061 female,, 
or a total of 18,800 persons are included in this inquiry. This 
does not, by any means, embrace the total number who are em- 
ployed in these trades in the state, — in some cases the propor- 
tion of the representation is smaller than it ought to be — but 
enough are included to make these presentations representative 
of the situation. In fact, more skilled hands are included here 
than in any previous effort of this kind in this state of which 
there is any record. In this, as in all other cases, the data were 
carefully edited and compiled. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



783 



BAKERIES. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification . 



Males 
over 18 
years. 



Females 
over 18 
years. 



Males 

under 18 

years. 



Females 

under 18 

years. 



Totals 



Per cent- 
ages 



$25.00 per 
20.00 but 
18.00 hut 
15.00 but 
13.00 but 
12.00 but 
11.00 but 
10.00 but 
9.00 but 
S.00 but 
7.00 but 
6.00 but 
5.50 but 
5.00 but 
4.50 but 
4.00 but 
3.50 but 
3.00 but 
2.50 but 
2.00 but 
1.50 but 
Under $1. 



week 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
50 



and ower. 

$25.00 

20.00 

18.00 

15.00 

13.00 

12.00 

11.00 

10.00 

9.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

5.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

2.50 

2.00 



Totals 

Percentages 



2 

2 

6 

16 

30 

44 

54 

78 

128 

74 

64 

32 

18 

52 

24 

24 

6 

18 



672 
61.99 



300 
27.67 



74 
6.83 



38 
3.51 



2 
2 
6 
16 
30 
44 
54 
82 
130 
80 
74 
52 
26 
96 
52 
42 
54 
86 
78 
38 



1,084 
100.00 



.18 
.18 

.55 
1.48 
2.77 
4.06 
4.99 
7.56 
11.99 
7.38 
6.83 
4.79 
2.39 
8.86 
4.79 
3.88 
4.99 
7.94 
7.19 
3.51 
3.51 

.18 



100.00 



HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed by the dart. 
No. employed on piece wl. 

Totals 

Percentages 



60 

608 

4 



18 


8 
66 




990 
8 


7.94 


278 
4 


38 


91.33 
.73 










300 
27.67 


74 
6.83 


38 
3.51 


1,084 
100.00 


100.00 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 


Months. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Range 
of employ- 
ment. 


Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 




690 

690 
700 
718 
732 
748 
750 
756 
754 
746 
728 
720 


284 
290 
298 
304 
334 
338 
30S 
312 
298 
316 
306 
324 


974 i 89.63 
980 90.23 


10.37 




9.77 




998 
1,022 
1,066 
1,086 
1.058 
1,068 
1.052 
1,062 
1.034 
1,044 


91.89 
94.10 
9S.15 


8.11 


April 


5.90 




1.85 







Julv 




97.42 
98.34 
96.86 
97.79 
95.21 
96.13 


2.5S 




1.6C 




3.14 




2.21 




4.79 




3.87 


Averages 


728 


309 


10.37 


95.49 


4.51 



Days in operation, 297. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10.8; winter, 9.8. 

Number of accidents, 14. 

Total wages paid, $361,708. 

Total salaries paid, $40,764. 



7S4 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



BLACKSMITHING. 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification . 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 


?25.00 per week and over.. 


1 1 
1 1 1 


20.00 but under $25.00 


6 

s 

s 

12 

46 

64 

68 

128 

106 

60 

72 

20 

32 

8 

4 

10 

2 






6 

8 

8 

12 

46 

64 

68 

128 

106 

60 

72 

24 

38 

8 

4 

10 
8 
4 
6 
6 


.87 


18.00 but under 20.00 





.. ....... ... 




1.17 


15.00 but under 18.00 








1.17 


13.00 but under 15.00 









1.75 


12.00 but under 13.00 









6.71 


11.00 but under 12.00 


| | 


9.32 


10.00 but under 11.00 


i | 


9.90 


9.00 but under 10.00 


| J 


18.68 


8.00 but under 9.00 




15.45 


7.00 but under 8.00 


i 


8.72 


6.00 but under 7.00 






10.49 


5.50 but under 6.00 




4 






3.49 


5.00 but under 5.50... 


6 




5.54 


4.50 but under 5.00... 







... ._ 


1.17 


4.00 but under 4.50... 







1 


.68 


3 50 but under 4.00... 


1 


1.45 


3 00 but under 3.50... 


4 
4 
2 


2 




1.17 


2 50 but under 3.00 





.63 


9 00 but under 2.50... 






4 
6 






.87 


1 50 but under 2.00... 






.87 








| 














Totals 


654 
95.34 


14 

2.04 


18 
2.62 





686 
100.00 


100. 09 


Percentages 












HOU 


R, DAY 


AND PIECE HANDS. 




No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed \>y the day.. 
No. employed on piece wk. 


44 

582 

28 




2 

16 - 




46 

608 
32 


6.72 


10 

4 




88.62 




4.66 








Totals 


654 
95.34 


14 

2.04 


18 
2.62 


* 


686 
100.00 


100.09 

















PERSONS EMPLOYED. RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Range 

of employ 

ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January J 

February I 

March 

April 

Mav I 

June ! 

Juiy I 

August 

September | 

October 

November | 

December | 

I- 
Averages | 



592 


6 


600 


6 


612 


6 


616 


14 


616 


14 


604 


6 


614 


6 


600 


» 6 


594 


6 


608 


6 


610 


6 


608 


6 



606.17 



7.33 



598 
606 
618 
630 
630 
610 
620 
606 
600 
614 
616 
614 



613.50 



94.92 
96.19 
98.09 



97.30 



5.08 
3.81 
1.91 



96.82 


3.1s 


98.41 


1 59 


96.19 


3.81 


95.23 


4.77 


97.46 


2.54 


97.77 


2.23 


97.46 


2.54 



2.79 



Days in operation. 282. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 9.4. 

Number of accidents, 10. 

Total wages paid, $279,314. 

Total salaries paid, $400. 



SKILLED TRADES, 189S-1899. 



785 



BRICK AND STONE MASONS, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
oves 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years . 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 


125.00 per week and over.. 


8 

72 

246 

206 

102 






8 
72 


.50 


20.00 but under $25.00 








4.55 


18.00 but under 20.00 









246 

206 

102 

70 

52 

74 

362 

228 

116 

40 


15.57 


15. On but under IS. 00 








13.04 


13.00 but under 15.00 


| | 


6.46 


12.00 but under 13.00 


70 

52 

74 

362 

228 

112 

40 


| | 


4.43 


11.00 but under 12.00 




3.29 


10.00 but under 11.00 




4.69 


9.00 but under 10.00 


| 1 


22.91 


8.00 but under 9.00 


1 


14.43 


7.00 but under 8.00 




4 




7.35 


6.00 but under 7.00 







2.54 


5.50 but under 6.00 


| 




1 1 




5.00 but under 5.50 


| 1 


2 




2 


.12 


4.50 but under 5.00 | 


......:...........:. 






4.00 but under 4.50 


i i i 




1 


3.50 bu+ under 4.00 


i 1. 





S. 00 but under 3.50 


i 


2 




2 J 


.12 


2.50 but under 3.00 1 


i i 






2.00 but under 2.50 










1.50 bat under 2.00 ' 


i 








Under $1.50 1 


i i 








* | 










Totals 


1,572 
99.50 


' 


8 
.50 




1,580 


109.00 


Percentages 


1 





100.00 





HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed by the day.. 
No. employed" on piece wk. 



700 
14 



Totals I 1,572 

Percentages | 99 . 50 



1 


2 
6 


! 860 




54.43 


1 


1 706 


44.69 




| 14 


.88 




1 k 






1 ,..* 


8 
.50 


1 1,580 


1 

I.. 


100.00 


1 
1 


| 100.00 





PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Range 

of employ 

ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



Janaury ... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



Averages 



314 
332 

554 

9ns 

,150 
296 
,112 
,068 
,062 
,106 
896 
696 



79S.66 



314 

332 

554 

998 

1,150 

1,296 

1,112 

1,068 

1,062 

1,106 

896 

696 



24.22 
25.61 
42.74 
77.00 
88.73 



85. SO 
82.40 
81.94 
85.33 
69.13 
53.70 



798.66 



61.56 



75.78 
74.39 
57.26 
23.00 
11.27 



14.20 
17.60 
18.06 
14.67 
30.87 
46.30 



38.44 



Days in operation, 171. 

Hours of labor— summer, 9.7; winter, 8.4. 

Number of accidents, 12. 

Total wages paid, $435,616. 

Total salaries paid, $5,000. 

50 



786 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



CARPENTERS AND BUILDING, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over la 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
j ears 


MaVs 

under 15 

,\ears. 


Females 

under 1- 

jea s. 


Totals. 


Per cent 
ages. 


$25.00 per week and over.. 

20.00 but under $25.00 

IS 00 but under 20. (JO 


, 








t 

3 .05 


15 

111 

297 

243 

1,260 

396 

936 

1,545 

294 

318 

171 

42 

30 

18 









15 

111 

297 

243 

1.260 

396 

936 

1,545 

294 

333 

1S9 

54 

30 

33 

3 

18 


.27 








1.93 


15 CO but under IS 00 . 








5.16 


13 00 but under 15 00 .. 








4.21 


12 00 but under 13.00... 








21.87 


11 00 but under 12 00 








6.S8 


10.00 but under 11.00 

9.00 but under 10.00 

8.00 but under 9.00 

7.00 but under 8.00 

6.00 but under 7.00 

5.50 but under 6.00 

5.00 but under 5.50 

4.50 but under 5.00 








1G.25 









26.81 








5.10 


9"" 

6 


6 

3 

12 




5.77 


9 


3.27 
.93 






.52 




15 




.57 


3 




.05 


3.50 but under 4.00 

3.00 but under 3.50 


3 
6 






.05 


3 


9 




.31 






































:::::::::: 
























5.6SS 
9S.69 


21 
.37 


45 

.78 


9 
.16 


5,763 
100.00 


100.09 







HOUR, DAY AND TIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed by the day.. 
No. employed on piece wk. 


2.422 
3.119 

147 


7 | 
"..J. 


15 
,30 




2.444 

3.172 

147 


42.40 


9 


55.04 
2.56 








Totals 


5.6S8 
98.69 


T 21 i 

.37 


45 
.78 


9 

.16 


5,763 
100.00 


100.00 







PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT-RY MONTHS. 



Months. 


Male3. 


Females . 


Totals. 


Ranr-e 
of employ- 
ment. 


Ranue 
of u> em- 
ploj ment. 


Ja nun ry 

Mn I'd) 


1.521 
1647 . 

2 20,8 

3 1S6 

3 390 
4.716 
4.774 
4. -193 

4 2S7 
4.191 
3.213 
2.379 




3 

3 

3 
12 

9 

9 
30 
30 

6 

9 

3 

3 



1.524 

1 6"0 

2 211 

3 ins 
3.399 
4.725 
4. 804 
4.523 
4.203 

4 203 
3 216 
2.3S2 


31.72 
34.34 

46.02 
66.56 
70.75 
9S.35 


6S.28 
65.66 
53.98 




31.14 




29.25 
1.65 


Jnlv 






94.15 
89.36 

S7.4S 
66.94 
49.58 




5.85 




10.64 




12.52 




33.06 




50.42 


1 





Averages 



3.334 



10 



3,344 



G9.60 



30.40 



Days In operation, 1S6. 

Hours of labor— summer, 9.8; winter, 8.5. 

Number of accidents. 60. 

Total wages paid. $1 306.953. 

Total salaries paid, $16,050. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



787 



CARRIAGE AND WAGON MAKING, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over In 
years. 


Males 
under IS 

years. 


Females 
under 1« 
tears. 


Totals 


Per cent- 
ages. 


25.00 per week and over.. 





1 
| | 






20.00 but under $25.00 





| | 






IS. 00 hut under 20.00 


4 

6 

10 

6S 

28 

46 

114 

30 

52 

20 

S 

6 

8 


| | 


4 

6 

10 


.94 


15. CO hut under IS. 00 


| I 


1.41 


33.00 hut under 15.00 


| | 


2.35 


12.00 but under 13.00 


| | 


6S 


15.97 


11. 00 Wut under 12.00 


1 


2S 
46 
114 
30 
52 
20 
8 


6. 53 


10.03 Wut under 11.00 


1 | 


10.79 


9.(0 Wnt under 10.00 


| | 


26.77 


8.00 Wnt under 9.00 


| | 


7.04 


7.f0 Wut under 8.00 


| | 


12.21 


6.09 Wut under 7.00 


| | 


4.69 


6.50 Wut under 6.00 


| | 


1.87 


6.00 Wut under 5.50 


J 


6 
8 

4 


1.41 


4.50 Wnt under 5. CO 


. 


1.87 


4. CO Wut linTier 4.50... 




4 
6 
4 




.94 


3.50 Wut under 4.00 


2 
8 







8 
12 


1.87 


3 00 lint under 3.50 






2.82 


2.50 Wut under 3.00 








2.00 hut under 2.50...*... 






2 




2 


.47 


1 51 Wut under 2.00 










Under $1.50 J 












410 
93.24 








Totals 




16 
3.76 




426 
100.00 


100.00 


Percentages 









HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 





10 
376 
24 


i 


| 10 1 


2.35 




| 16 


1 392 | 


92.01 


No. employed on piece wk. 


1 


| 24 1 


5.64 








Totals 


410 
96.24 


1 16 


| 426 


100. 00 




1 
| 3.76 


1 100.00 1 











PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT— BY MONTHS. 



Months. 


I 

Males. | Females. 


Totals. 


Fansre 
>f employ- 
ment. 


Rfincre 
nf nnom- 
ployment- 




376 




376 
374 
380 
386 
4C0 
3 r 6 
396 
364 
356 
358 
354 
354 


94. 
- 93.5 
95. 
96.5 


6.' 




374 
3 f 
386 
400 
396 
396 
364 
356 
358 
354 
354 




6.5 


March. 




5. 


April 







3.5 


Mav 










99. 

99. 

91. 

89. 

89.5 

88.5 

88.5 ' 


1. 


Julv 




1. 






9. 






11. 






10.5 






f-..- 


11.5 




11.5 











374.5 





374.5 


93.5 


6.5 



Days in operation. 2S2. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 9.2. 

Number of accident?. 2. 

Total wages paid. $1«2.552. 

Total salaries paid, $5,64S. 



7S8 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



MACHINISTS. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent 
ages. 


$25.00 per week and over..l 6 
20.00 but under $25.00 | 3 
IS. 00 but under 20.00 1 9 | 
15.00 but under IS. 00 | 93 
13.00 but under 15.00 | 42 | 
12.00 but under 13.00 , | 4S 
11.00 but under 12.00 | 18 
10.00 but under 11.00 1 66 


! I 


6 

3 

9 

93 

42 
48 
18 
06 
99 
30 
66 
30 


1 03 


i i 


51 


t j.. .:::::.- 


1 56 


i i... 


16 07 


i i i 


7 2> 


i i 


8.29 


i I 


3.11 


...i 


11 39 


9.00 but under 10.00 


99 

30 | 
66 




1 


17 09 


8.00 but under 9.00 






5 19 


7.00 but under 8.00 





1 


11.39 


6. CO but under 7.00 i 24 


6 


| 


5.19 


5.50 but under 6.00 ' 


1 




5.00 but under 5.50 1 24 

4.50 but under 5.00 . , 1 6 

4.0fl but under 4.50 | 3 

3.50 but under 4.00 i 





!..... 


24 


d.lS 




:: 


6 1 <u 




3 




6 ' 


1.04 









3.00 but under 3.50 | 3 | 9 


9 1 
6 1 





21 
6 
3 


3.64 


2.50 but under 3.00 1 





1 03 


2.00 but under 2.50 | 


3 




...::: 


51 


1.50 but under 2.00 1 


i 


3 


2 £1 


Under $1.50 1 ' 


i 


1 1 . 


1 
Totals 

Percentages | 


i 




540 
93.27 


18 
3.11 


18 
3.11 1 


3 ! 

.51 1 


579 
100.00 


100.00 



HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed by the day.. 
No. employed on piece wk.l 



135 

402 

3 



18 I 



Totals j 540 18 I 18 

Percentages | 93.27 3.11 3.11 



146 

430 I 
3 I 



579 
| 100.00 



25.22 

74.27 

.51 



100.00 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT 
MENT- BY MONTHS. 



AND UNEMPLOY- 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Range 

of employ- 
ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January | 

February I 

March 

April I 

May 

June | 

July j 

August 

September 

October | 

November I 

December I 

I- 
Averages | 



408 


12 | 


420 


423 


12 


435 


450 


12 


462 


417 


21 | 


438 


435 


21 


456 


441 


21 


462 


•144 


12 I 


456 


471 


12 


483 


492 


12 | 


504 


483 


12 | 


495 


474 


12 | 


4S6 


534 


12 I 


546 



76.92 
79.67 
84.61 
80.21 
83.51 
84.61 
83.51 
88.46 
92.30 
90.65 
89.01 



450 



14.25 



470.25 



86. OS 



Days in operation. 264. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 9.6. 

Number of accidents, 9. 

Total wages paid, $221,865. 

Total salaries paid, $25,809. 



23.08 
20.33 
15.39 
19.79 
16.49 
15.39 
16.4S 
11.54 
7.76 
9.35 
10.99 



13.92 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



789 



MARBLE AND STONE CUTTING, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years . 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

uuder 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 


$25.00 per 


week 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
uncler 


md over.. 
$25.00 
20.00 
18.00 
15.00 
13.00 
12.00 
11.00 , 
10.00 

9.00 

S.OO 

7.00 

6.00 

5.50 

5.00 

4.50 

4.00 

3.50 


8 

d 

24 
22 
30 
78 
36 
48 
58 
20 
64 
IS 

6 

2 

2 

2 

2" 


1 
| 




8 
4 

24 

22 

30 

78 

36 

48 

58 

20 

64 

22 

6 

2 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 


1.84 


20.00 but 


| 




.92 


18.00 but 






5.52 


15.00 but 






5.06 


13.00 but 


| 




6.91 


12.00 but 


[ 




17.97 


11.00 but 


| 




S.29 


10.00 but 


| 




11.05 


9.00 but 


I 




13.36 


8.00 but 


I 




4.60 


7.00 but 


i 




14.74 


6.00 but 




4 




5.07 


5.50 but 






1.39 


5.00 but 


| 




.47 


4 50 but 


| 




.47 


4.00 but 






.47 


3 50 but 





2 
2 
2 




.93 


3 00 but 






.47 


2 50 but 


3 00 .. 









.47 


2 00 but 














1.50 but 
Under $1. 



















Is 




! i" 




Tota 


424 
97.70 




10 
2.30 




434 
100.00 


100.00 






















HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour.l 
No. employed by the day..l 
No. employed on piece wk.| 


1 
106 


2 
8 


| 108 


24.89 


314 | . . . 


| 322 1 


74.19 


4 ... 


4 


.92 










Totals J 


424 | 


10 
2.30 


| 434 | 


100.00 




97.70 


| 100.00 1 









PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY 
MENT— BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Range 
of employ- 
ment. 


Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 


192 
29S 
366 
438 




192 
298 
366 
,438 
458 
458 
428 
458 
402 
392 
334 
278 


41.92 
62.88 
79.91 
95.63 


58.08 




37.12 




20.09 




4.37 


458 








458 





J 


428 





93.44 


6.56 


458 
402 
392 
S34 

278 










87.77 
85.58 
72.92 
60.91 


12.23 





14.42 





27.08 




39.09 






375.16 




375.16 


81.87 


18.13 



January — 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September — 

October 

November 

December — 

Averages 



Days in operation, 263. 

Hours of labor— summer, 9.9; winter, 8.3. 

Number of accidents, — . 

Total wages paid, $179,170. 

Total salaries paid, $38,918. 



790 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



MERCHANT TAILORING, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classificat 


on. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Mnles 

under 18 

years 


Females 

uad»r 16 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 


$25.00 per week r 
20. CO but under 


1 
nd over..| 
525.00 
20.00 

18.00 

15.00.,,. 
13.00 | 
12.00 1 
11.00 1 
10.00 | 
9.00 I 
8.00 , , | 

7.00 | 

6.00 
5 50 

5.00! '.'.'.'.'. 

4.50 ,,., 
4.00 


!2 | 
20 
16 
62 

68 i 
72 

118 | 
142 

168 | 

114 

74 

82 

8 

8 

2 

8 


! 






12 

20 

16 

62 

68 

72 

122 

144 

176 

116 

110 

120 

36 

32 

| 58 

| 22 

14 

28 

! 18 

2 

6 

1 2 


.95 








1.59 


18.00 hut under 


1 






1.27 












4.93 












5.42 


12 00 hut under 


:".'."'.."..i 








5.74 


11 00 but under 


4 1 
2 1 
8 1 
2 

36 ! 

38 

24 

24 I 

46 

10 

U 
2 
4 







9.72 










11.47 









14.01 












9.24 








8.76 









9.56 


5.50 hut under 
5.00 hut under 
4.50 hut under 


2 




2 


2.87 
2.54 


4 
4 
2 

18 
8 
2 
2 
2 




6 
| 


4.62 
I 1.76 






1.11 




3.50 

3.00 

2.50 


8 
2 


| 


2.22 


2.50 hut under 


4 
1 

4 
| 


1.44 
.15 


1.50 but under 


2.00... 






.48 








I .15 














Percentage 


9S4 
78.34 


212 

16.87 


44 
3.52 


1 16 
1 1.27 


| 1,256 

1 

; loo.oo 


| 100.00 
1 






HOL 


R. DAY 


AND PIECE HANDS. 






No. employed bj 
No. employed bj 
No. employed on 


the hour, 
the day. . 
piece wk. 


,0 

190 
784 


4 

78 
130 


2 
30 
12 


2 

1 4 
1 10 


18 

| 302 
| 936 


! 

1.44 
T 24.04 
1 74.52 


Totals .... 
Percentage 


1 984 
78.34 


I 212 
1 16.87 


44 
3.52 


! 16 
1 1.27 


! 1,256 
I 100.00 


I 100.00 

i 





PERSONS ETvIPLOYED. 



RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT- BY MONTHS. 



Months. 




Females. 



January I 990 

February ( 920 

March I 9S0 

April I 1.008 

May I 1.042 

June 1,056 | 

July ! 918 | 

August 1 876 

September I 958 

October I 1.002 

November \.\ 1,002 j 

December I 976 | 

Averages | 977.34 | 220.66 



Totals. 



Rans'e 

■ if employ 

ment. 



212 


1.202 


210 


1.130 


224 


1.204 


228 


1.236 


226 


i 1,268 


222 


1,278 


222 


1.140 


208 


1.084 


228 


1,186 


226 


1.228 


222 


1.224 


220 


1,196 



1,198 



Days in operation, 281. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10: winter. 9.5. 

Number of accidents. 2. 

Total wages paid, $343,128. 

Total salaries paid, $89,490. 



94.05 
88.41 
94.20 
96.70 
99.21 



89.20 

84.82 
92. SO 
96.08 
95.77 
93.58 



Rargre 
of unem , 
ployment- 



93.74 1 



5.95 

11.59 

5.80 

3.30 

.79 



10.80 
15.18 
7.20 
3.92 
4.23 
6.42 



6.28 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



791 



GENERAL CONTRACTING. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Cla 


ssificat 


iou. 


Males 
over IS 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Male* 

under 18 

,\ ears . 


Females 

uoder 18 

years 


Totals. 


Per cent 
ages. 


$25.00 per 


week 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 
under 


ind over.. 
$25.00 

20.00 

18.00 
15.00 
13.00 

12.00 

11.00 
10.00 

9.00 

8. 00 

7. 00 

6.00 


36 

30 

129 

93 

189 

126 

30 

360 

717 

27:'. 

48 

15 


1 




3S 

30 
129 

93 ■ 
189 
126 

30 
360 
717 
273 

48 

15 



175 


20.00 but 






1.46 


18.00 hut 






6.29 


15.00 but 






4.54 


13. GO but 


1 


| 


9.22 


15.00 but 






| 


6.15 


11.00 but 









1.46 


10.00 but 


i 





| 


17.54 


9.00 but 


) 







34.95 


8.00 but 










13.30 


7.00 but 











2.33 


6.00 but 











.72 


5.50 but 




| 







1 




5.00 but 


5.50 




| 1 1 1 


4.50 but 


5.00 
4.50 


6 


| 






6 


.29 


4.00 but 









1 




3.50 but 


4.00 




::::::::::r:: 


3.00 but 


3.50 




i i i f 


2.50 but 


3.00... 




i i i i 


2 00 but 


2.50 





\ i i i 


1 60 but 


2.00 . 





i i i i 


Under $1. 






;.....!........ 


Is , 
entage* 









i i 


Tota 


2,052 

100.00 






| 


2,052 
100.00 


100.00 


Perc 


i 
i 





1 





HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour.j 321 
No. employed by the day..| 1,731 
No. employed on piece \vk. 



I 
Totals I 2,052 

I 
Percentages I 100. 00 



321 
1,731 



15.67 
S4.33 



2,052 100.00 

I 
100.00 I 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, 



Months. 



RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Ranee 
of employ- 
ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Averages ! 



222 
234 

213 
951 

1.02:1 
1,065 
1,314 
1,206 
1.287. 
1.S35 
1,284 
759 

949.41 



222 
234 
213 
951 

.023 

.065 
314 

,206 
287 
835 

,284 
759 



949.41 



Days iu operation, 201. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 8.9. 

Number of accidents, 39. 

Total wages paid. $456,426. 

Total salaries paid, $44,175. 



12.09 
12.75 
11.07 
51.82 
55.74 
58.03 
71.60 
65.72 
70.13 



69.97 
41.36 



51.71 I 



87.91 
87.25 
88.93 
48.18 
44.26 
41.97 
2S.40 
34.23 
29.87 



30.03 
58.64 



48.29 



792 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



PAINTING. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 



$25.00 per week and over. 

20.00 but under $25.00 

18.00 but under 20.00 

15.00 but under 18.00 

13.00 but under 15.00 

12.00 but under 13.00 

11.00 but under 12.00 

10.00 but under 11.00 

9.00 but under 10.00 

8.00 but unjler 9.00 

7.00 but under 8.00 

6.00 but under 7.00 

5.50 but under COO.... 

5.00 but under 5.50 

4.50 but under 5.00 

4.00 but under 4.50 

3.50 but under 4.00 

3.00 but under 3.50.... 

2.50 but under 3.00.... 

2.00 but under 2.50.... 

1.50 but under 2.00 

Under $1.50 



Males 
over 18 
years. 



Females 
over 18 
years. 



Males 

under 18 

years. 



Females 

under 18 

years. 



Totals. 



S 

36 

160 

416 

168 

18S 

256 

104 

80 

48 

12 

12 

4 



Totals i 1,500 

Percentages i 95.43 



.76 



56 
3.56 



36 

160 

416 

16S 

192 

256 

104 

80 

64 

16 

20 

4 

4 

4 

12 



12 



Per cent- 



1,572 



.25 | 100.00 



.50 

2.29 

10.19 

26.47 

10.69 

12.22 

16.29 

6.62 

5.09 

4.0S 

1.02 

1.27 

. .25 

.25 

.25 

.76 

: .50 

.50 

.76 



100.00 



HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed bv the hour.j 
No. employed by the day..] 
No. employed on piece wk.i 



64S 
844 



12 



Totals I 1,500 | 12 

Percentages | 95.43 .76 



1 1 

32 1 
1 20 . 


4 1 


696 
864 
12 


44.28 
54.96 


1 4 


i 


.76 


1 1- 


1 





56 
5.56 



4 | 1.572 
I 
.25 ) 100.00 



100.00 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, 



RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Ranee 
of employ- 
ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January . . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



452 

520 

1,172 

1.2S0 

1,540 

1,488 

1,240 

1,176 

1.18S 

1,156 

888 

576 



4 

4 ' 

4 

4 
16 
16 
16 

4 

4 

? 

4 

4 



456 

524 

1,176 

1.284 

1,556 

1,504 

1,256 

1.180 

1,192 

1,160 

S92 

580 



29.30 
33.67 
75.57 
S2.51 



96.65 
80.71 
75.83 
76.60 
74.55 
57.32 
37.27 



Averages I 1,056.33 | 



| 1,063.33 | 6S.31 | 



Days in operation, 196. 

Hours of labor— summer, 9.7; winter, 8.3. 

Number of accidents, 4. 

Total wages paid, $522,064. 

Total salaries paid, $14,200. 



70.70 
66.33 
24.43 
17.49 



3.35 
19.29 
24.17 
23.40 
25.45 
42.68 
62.73 



31.69 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



793 



PLUMBING. 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 


?25.00 per week and over.. 


2 

36 
52 
56 
46 

48 
24 
62 








2 
36 
52 
56 
46 
48 

24 - 
62 
204 
42 
38 
36 


.27 


20.00 but under $25.00 








5.02 


18.00 but under 20.00 








7.2G 


15.00 but under 18.00 








7.82 


13.00 but under 15.00 








6.42 


J2.00 but under 13.00 






6.W) 


11.00 but under 12.00 









3.36 


10. 00 but under 11.00... 








8.65 


9.00 but under 10.00 . 


204 

40 

3S 

36 

1 








28.49 


8.00 but under 9.00. . 


2 






5.86 


7.00 but under 8.00... 






5.31 


6.00 but under 7.00 








5.03 


5.50 but under (i.00.. 








5.00 but under 5.50 


2 4 




6 
10 
14 


. .85 


4.50 but under 5.00... 


8 
12 
6 

8 




2 
2 




1.40 


4 00 but under 1.50 .. 






1.96 


3 50 but under 4.00... 





10 
6 
6 




16 


2.24 


3 00 but under 3.50 . 


•2 





16 
6 


2.24 


2.50 but under 3.00... 






.85 










1 50 but \inder 2.00 




2 





2 


.27 




1 










| 








Totals' . . 


6S0 1 8 
94.97 1.11 


28 
3.92 




716 

100.00 


100.00 









HOUR. DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed" ry the day.. 
No. employed on piece wk. 

. Totals 



Percentages 



192 


2 1 

6 i 

| 


6 | 


200 

514 

2 


27.94 


486 


22 | 


71.79 


2 




.27 


' 








680 


8 I 
1.11 1 


28 | 


716 
100.00 


100.00 


94.97 


3.92 1 






PERSONS EMPLOYED. 



RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT-BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Ranpe 
of employ- 
ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January ... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



392 
366 
362 
456 
466 
498 
506 
546 
580 
556 
536 
468 



394 
368 
364 

464 
474 
506 
510 
550 
584 
560 
540 
470 



67.46 
63.01 
62.32 
79.45 
81.16 
86,64 
87.32 
94.17 



95.89 
92.46 
80.47 



Averages 



477.67 



4.33 | 



482 



82.53 



32.54 
36.99 
37.68 
20.55 
18.84 
13.36 
12.68 
5.83 



4.11 

7.54 

19.53 



17.47 



Days in operation, 245. 

Hours of labor — summer, 9.5; winter, S.4. 

Number of accidents, — . 

Total wages paid, $314,800. 

Total salaries paid, $23,178. 



794 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 

.over 18 

years. 


Males 

uuder 18 

years 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 




34 

63 

38 

126 

131 

108 

76 

106 

139 

96 

113 

135 

37 

81 

28 

35 

13 

11 








34 

63 

38 

126 

131 

108 

91 

110 

145 

119 

152 

179 

63 

137 

67 

83 

62 

136 

81 

67 

43 

26 


1.64 


3). CO but under $25.00 








3.05 


18.00 but under IX). CO 








1.83 


15.00 but under IS. 00... 








6.11 


13.00 but under 15.00... 








6. 35 


12.00 but uuder 13.00... 








5.2* 


11. CO but under 12.00 . 
10.00 but under 11.00.. 


15 
4 
6 
23 
27 
32 
22 
38 
19 
24 
23 
44 
15 
12 






4.41 






5.33 


9 00 but under 10.00... 






7.03 


8 00 but under 9.00... 






5.77 


7 00 but under X.00 . 


12 
10 
3 
16 
12 
18 
18 
61 
44 
41 
28 
22 




7.39 


6.00 but under 7.00 

5.50 but under 6.00 

4.50 but unTjer 5.00 

4.00 but under 4.50 

3.50 bur under 4.00... . 

3.00 but under 3.50 

50 but under 3.00 


2 

1 

2 

8 

6 

8 

20 

22 

14 

15 

4 


8.69 
3.06 
6.65 
3.27 
4.03 
3.01 
6.5J» 
I 3.94 


1 50 but under 2.00 




3.26 
2.09 






1 


1.26 










| 
1,370 

66.47 


304 

14.75 


285 
13.83 


102 
4.95 


2,061 
100.00 


100.00 



HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed by the day.. 
No. employed on piece wk, 

Totals j 

Percentages | 66.47 




33 

246 
6 


2 

97 

3 


232 

1,576 

253 


11.28 
76.47 
12.28 


285 
13.83 


102 
4.95 


2,061 
100.00 


100.0ft 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months 




Averages 



Males. 



1,589 
1,597 
1.607 
1,635 
1,618 
1.626 
■ y 1.610 
v 1.5S8 
1.60O 
1.60S 
1,625 
1,639 



Females. 



Totals. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



387 


1.976 


408 


2,005 


396 


2.003 


410 


2,045 


400 


2,018 


396 


2,022 


400 


2,010 


391 


1.979 


393 


1.993 


382 


1.990 


383 


2.008 


387 


2,026 



1,611.84 



394.41 | 2,006.25 | 




Days in operation. 296. 

Hours of labor — summer, 10.3; winter, 9.9. 

Number of accidents. 11. 

Total wages paid. $852,013. 

Total salaries paid, $297,430. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



795 



TINSMITHS, 
(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification . 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years . 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages 


$25.00 per week and over..! 


L 


















18.00 but under 20.00 i 


15 
20 
5 
25 
20 
20 
60 
20 
45 


1 




15 
20 
5 
25 
20 
20 
60 
20 
45 
40 


5.00 


15.00 but under 18.00 | 






6.66 


13. CO but und_er 15.00 | 









1.66 


12.00 but under 13.00 \ 








8.34 


11.00 but under 12.00 | 






6.67 


10.00 but under 11.00 1 






6.67 


9.00 but under 10.00 1 




1... 


19.99 


8.00 but under 9.00 




i 


6.67 


7.00 but under S.00 | 


1 


15.00 


6. OH but under 7.00 [ 


25 




15 




13.34 


5.50 but under C.00 







5 


1.67 


5.00 but under 5.50 1 








4.50 but under 5.00 1 


i::::::::;: 




5 
10 
10 


1.67 




i 


10 
10 




3.33 


3 50 but under -1.00 | 


::::::::::::::::::;: 




3.33 


3 00 but under 3.50 | 









9 50 but urnler 3.00.. 1 *.\ 


























260 
86.67 













40 

13.33 




300 

100.00 


100.00 













HOUR. DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. I 
No. employed" by the day..! 
No. employed on piece wk.J 



Totals | 260 

Percentages ! S6.67 




PERSONS EMPLOYED. RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. Females. 



Totals 



Rangre 

of employ 

ment. 



Ranw 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January .. 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November . 
December . 



175 
200 
210 
205 
220 
215 
225 
210 
200 
215 
235 
185 



Averages 



210.41 



1 


175 

:»00 


71.42 
81.63 
85.71 
83.67 
89.79 
87.75 
91.83 
85.71 
81.63 


28.58 


1 


18.37 




210 

205 

220 

- 215 

225 

•in 


14.29 


) 


16.33 




10.21 


1 


12.25 




8.17 




14.29 




200 
245 
235 
1£5 


18.37 







..... 
1 


95.91 
75.51 




4.09 


1 


24.49 






1 " 


210.41 


85.71 


14.29 



Days' in operation, 265. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 8.8. 

Number of accidents. — . 

Total wages paid. $96,265. 

Total salaries paid, $36,800. 



796 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



WELL DRIVERS. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 


$25.00 per week and over. . 




1 




20.00 but under $25.00 








IS. 00 but under 20.01) 


IS 
12 
IS 

21 1 
15 

3 
66 | 
15 
48 
36 

6 
IS 

9 

3 | 

3 1 


1 1 


IS 
12 
IS 
21 
15 
3 
66 
15 
48 
36 
6 

18 
9 
3 
3 


6 18 


15.00 but under IS. 00 


1 


4.13 


13.00 but under 15.00 


| 1 


6 18 


12.00 but under 13.00 


i :.... 


7.22 


11.00 but under 12.00 


j :::::•::::::::: 


5 16 


10.00 but under 11.00 


i i 


1 03 


9.00 but under 10.00 


i i 


22 68 


8.00 but under y.00 


i i 


5 16 


7.00 but under S.00 


i i 


16.49 


6.00 but under 7.00 


t i 


12.38 


5.50 but under 6.00 


i i 


2 06 


5.00 but under 5.50 


i i 


6. IS 


4.50 but under 5.00 


i i 


3.09 


4.00 but under 4.50 


i * 


1 03 


3.50 but under 4.00 


i i 


1 03 


3.00 but under 3.50 






2.50 but under 3.00 


1 


i i 


2.00 but under 2.50 


1 


i i i i 


1.50 but under 2.00 


I 


j ..... . 


Under $1.50 


1 


i I I :: .: 








Totals 


291 j 
100.00 1 


j 


291 

100.00 


100. 00 


Percentages 


! 1 
I ! 





HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by tbe hour.! 9 
No. employed by the day..] 282 
No. employed on piece wk.| 



Totals 



291 



Percentages | 100.00 



9 
282 



291 

100.00 



3.09 
96.91 



100.00 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, 



RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT 
MENT— BY MONTHS. 



AND UNEMPLOi"- 



Months. 



January ... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 



Averages 



Males. Females. 



Totals. 



246 
234 
234 
264 
273 
267 
243 
249 
237 
246 
246 
222 

247.75 



Days in operation, 214. 

Hours of labor— summer, 11; winter, 9.1. 

Number of accidents, — . 

Total wages paid, $100,425. 

Total salaries paid, — . 



246 
234 
234 
264 
273 
267 
243 
249 
237 
246 
246 
222 



Ranee 
of employ- 
ment. 



90.10 
85.71 
85.71 
96.70 



97.80 
S9.01 
91.20 
86.81 
90.10 
90.10 
81.31 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment- 



247.75 | 90.40 



9.90 
14.29 
14.29 

3.30 



2.20 
10.99 

8.80 
13.19 

9.90 

9.90 
18.69 



9.60 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



SUMMARIES, OR TOTALS. OP THE FOURTEEN PRECEDING 
PRESENTATIONS. 



(classified 


weekly 


earnings. 








Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under IS 

years. 


Totals. 


Number. 


Per cent 


$25.00 per weeli and over.. 


Ill 

251 

684 

1.053 

1,086 

2.430 

1.099 

2,197 

4,014 

1,444 

1,182 

754 

162 

267 

123 

91 

45 

72 

"■■■ 








Ill 

251 

684 

1,053 

1,086 

2,430 

1.118 

2,211 

4,060 

1,477 

1,286 

915 

244 

411 

26S 

197 

188 

341 

203 

126 

110 

30 


.59 


20.00 but under $25.00 




| 




1.34 


18.00 but unuer 20.00 






3.64 


15.00 but under IS. 00 








5.61 


13.00 but under 15.00...... 











5.6S 


12.00 but under 13.00 








12.94 


11.00 but under 12.00 




19 

14 

16 

33 

80 

94 

58 
102 

87 

53 

S3 
116 

S7 

47 







5.95 


10.00 but under 11.00 






11.77 


9.00 but under 10.00 
8.00 but under 9.00 






21.60 






7.S6 


7. Ofl but under S.OO 


24 
52 
21 
40 
44 
47 
52 
131 
88 
59 
60 
24 




6.85 


6.00 but under 7.00 

5.50 but under 6.00 
5.00 but under 5.50 .... 
4.50 but under 5.00 

4.00 but under 4.50 

3.50 but under 4.00 

3.00 but under 3.50 

2.50 but under 3.00 

2.00 but under 2.50 

1 50 but under 2.00 


15 
3 
2 
14 
6 
8 

22 

26 

20 

1 50 

6 


4.S7 
1.30 
2.19 
1.43 
1.05 
1.00 
1.82 
1.08 
.68 
.59 


Under $1.50 




| 


.16 








Totals ' 


17,097 
90.94 


889 
4.73 


642 
3.42 


172 

.91 


lS.SOO 
100.00 


100. CO 



HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



I 
No. employed by the hour.| 
No. employed by the day.. 
No. employed by the piece. | 



Totals | 17,097 

Percentages i 90.94 



1 

5,073 

10,832 

1,192 




* ! 

604 
208 

1 


133 

487 
22 



8 

151 

13 




5,291 

12,074 
1,435 


28.14 

64.22 
7.64 



889 
4.73 



642 
3.42 



172 



18,800 
100. 00 



100.00 



PERSONS EllPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals. 


Rangre 
of employ- 
ment. 


Ranee 
of unem- 
ployment. 




8,159 
8.435 
10.04S 
12,558 
13,363 
14,874 
14,574 
14,061 
13,997 
14,535 
12,425 
10,394 


910 

935 

945 

1,001 

1,028 

1,016 

998 

9C7 

951 

959 

940 

958 


9.069 
9,370 
10,993 
13,559 
14,391 
15,S90 
15,572 
15,028 
14,948 
15,494 
13,365 
11,352 


57.07 
58.97 
69.12 
85.33 
90.57 
100.00 
98.00 
94.58 
94.07 
97.51 
S4.ll 
71.44 


42.93 




41.03 
30.88 
14.67 




9.43 


July - 


2.00 
5.42 




5.93 




2.49 
15.89 
28.56 




12,285 


967 


13,252 


83.40 


16.69 



Average days in operation, 245.93.- 

Average hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 9. 

Number of accidents, 163. 

Total wages paid, $5,861,299. 

Total salaries paid, $637,862. 



fgg LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EAENINGS. 

Preceding this are fifteen tables. Each of these tables, ex- 
cept the last in order, covers the "Classified Weekly Earnings" 
and certain conditions of "Employment" of one trade or industry. 
The last table is a kind of a summary of the other fourteen ; that 
is, it includes the figures for the fourteen trades when combined. 

The first part of the preceding tables relates to classified 
weekly earnings. That is, it shows the number of persons who 
received specified weekly earnings. Concerning the persons em- 
ployed, as presented here', the first thing to attract attention is 
perhaps the fact that the employes have been presented accord- 
ing to sex and age. Thus w T e find, that the first column in 
order reading from left to right includes all male employes 18 
years of age and over; that the second includes the female em- 
ployes 18 years and over; that the third column includes the 
males under 18 years; that the fourth column includes the fe 
males under 18 years. This embraces the classifications as to 
age and sex. 

The tables, however, show more than this. In the fifth col- 
umn in order we find the total number of persons of all ages 
and both sexes combined, and in the sixth and last we find the 
per cent, of the total number in each class of the total number 
employed. 

Taking the last table, the one for all industries, we find, be- 
sides the other facts, the number and per cent, of persons in 
each age and sex class. Thus it- is seen that of the 18,800 per- 
sons employed in the skilled trades included 17,097, or 90.94 
per cent., were males 18 years or over; that 8S9, or 4.73 per* 
cent., were females 18 years or over ; that 642, or 3.42 per cent., 
were males under 18 years; and that 172 persons, or .91 per 
cent., were females under 18 years. 

While all of these classes of employes are represented in the 
table for all industries, or in the summaries, this is not the case 
in the table for many of the industries when standing alone. 
This is readily seen from even a glance at the different tables. 
Brick and stone contractors, carriage and wagon makers, mar- 
ble and stone contractors and tinsmiths employed no females; 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 79«j 

blacksmiths and plumbers no females under 18 years; general 
contractors and well drivers no females and no males under 18 
years. In all the other trades, persons of all classes were found 
or reported. 

Taking up the "Classified Earnings" we find first that 22 
classes of specified earnings are given. These classes begin with 
$25.00 per week and over, and are gradually reduced in point 
of amount until for the last in the table, which show the num- 
ber who received less that $1.50 per week. Next we come to 
the number of persons in each of these classes. In the sum- 
maries, or table representing all industries, the males IS years 
and over are found in all classes down to $2.50 but under $3.00 
per week. At a lower earning than this no males of this age 
were reported. Of females 18 years and over no one was re- 
ported as earning more than $11.00 but under $12.00, and no 
one as less than $2.00 but under $2.50. In all classes between 
these two, however, the females of this age are represented. Of 
the males under 18 years none are found above the class $7.00 
but under $8.00, but below this they are found in all classes. 
The females under 18 years are represented in all classes of 
earnings down, beginning with $0.00 but under $7.00. When 
all persons are included all classes of earnings in the table are 
represented. 

With respect to earnings, «or the amount earned per week, the 
position of the classes of persons included stands as follows: 
First, males 18 years or over; second, females 18 years or over; 
third, males under 18 years; fourth, females under 18 years. 

To make a more detailed study of the earnings easier the 
above classes have been reduced in number. The first exhibit 
in the reduced form is the one noxt in order, and this shows the 
number of persons who received classified earnings : 



soo 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS IN FOURTEEN SKILLED TRADES, OR INDUS- 
TRIES, WHO RECEIVED CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS. 



Classification of weekly earnings. 



Number 

of 
males. 



Number 

of 
females. 



Total 

number. 



Under $5.00 per week.. 
$5.00 but under $6.00. 

6.00 but under 7.00. 

7.00 but under 8.00. 

8.00 but under 9.00. 

9.00 but under 10.00. 
10. 00 but under 12.00. 
12.00 but under 15.00. 
15.00 but under 2U.00. 
20.00 and over 



838 
490 
806 
206 
444 
041 
296 j 
516 I 
737 I 
362 I 



625 
165 
109 

80 
33 
16 
33 



Totals I 17,739 



Percentages 



94.35 | 



1,061 
5.65 



1,463 

655 

915 

1.2S8 

1,477 

4,060 

3,323 

3,516 

1,737 

362 



IS, SOO 
100.00 



The preceding exhibit includes precisely the same number 
of persons as are found in the total for the fourteen industries. 
In fact, it differs from the table of earnings as found there only 
in this, that the classes of specific earnings have been reduced 
to ten, that the age classes have been omitted altogether, and that 
the order of the classes has been reversed so that here the ex- 
hibit begins with those for the lower earnings and ends with 
those for the higher. Of the 18,800 persons included 17,739 
persons, or 94.35 per cent., were males and 1,061, or 5.65 per 
cent., were females. 

The first class in order is that of "under $5.00 per week." In 
this class, 1,463 persons are found, of whom 838 are males and 
625 females. The next class in order is $5.00 but under $6.00. 
Here we find 490 males and 165 females, or a total of 655 per- 
son. From this on until $9.00 but under $10.00 has been in- 
cluded there is a steady increase in the number of males and 
totals with each class. In the class last named three were 4,044 
males, 16 females, or a total of 4,060 persons. Here a decline 
in the number sets in, the class next in order having only 3,329 
persons. Then in the class that follows, or $10.00 but under 
$12.00, the order is reversed and an increase shown, this class 
containing 3,516, of whom all were males. In the two classes 
that follow the decrease is marked. The last class in order 
has only 362 persons. As the table shows, no females earned 
above $10.00 but under $12.00, and in the greatest number they 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



801 



are found in the very lowest class. As a whole, the exhibit 
makes the difference in earnings between males and females par- 
ticularly plain. 

What the above exhibit has shown in actual number the next 
one in order shows in per cent. The per cent, relation of those 
in each class, as based on the total, expresses, as a rule, more 
truly the condition than is possible for numbers alone. 



PER CENT. OP THE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN EACH CLASS IN THE 
PRECEDING EXHIBIT, AS BASED UPON THE TOTALS. 



Classification of weekly earnings. 



'Males Females 
per cent, per cent. 



Total 
per cent. 



Under $5.00 per week 

$5.00 but iffl^er $(5.00 

6.00 but under 7.00 

7.00 but under S.OO 

S.OO but under 0.00 

9.00 but under 10. 00 

10.00 but under 12.00 

12.00 but under 15.00 

15.00 but under 20.00 

20.00 .and over 

Total per cent.. 



4.73 


5S.90 | 


1 2.77 


15.FR ! 


1 4.55 


in. 27 1 


1 fi.SO 


7.54 | 


1 8.15 


3.11 | 


I 22.80 


1.51 I 


1 IS. 53 


3.11 1 


1 19. S3 




1 9. SO 




1 2.04 








1 100.00 


100.00 1 



7.81 

3.49 

4.. 87 

fi.85 

7.SR 

21. R0 

17.72 

1S.R2 

9.25 

1.93 



100.00 



The preceding exhibit shows, as said, the per cent, of persons 
in each class. Thus we see that in the first class in order, that 
for "under $5.00 per week" included 4.73 per cent, of the males 
and 58.90 per cent, of the females, or 7.81 per cent, of the total 
persons employed. This class, therefore, has about one-twen- 
tieth of the males and three-fifths of the females. This is a per- 
tinent illustration of the relative earnings of the two classes of 
employes. In the class succeeding this the per cent, is smaller 
in all cases. In the third in order an increase for the totals sets 
in and continues until $9.00 but under $10.00 is covered, when 
there is again a decrease, which continues to the end of the ex- 
hibit. Together the above two exhibits present as good a de- 
scription of the earnings of those employed in the skilled trades 
as any that can be easily devised by figures alone. 

The next exhibit, in a still more condensed form, gives, sep- 
arately, the earnings in each of the fourteen trades and of all, 
when combined: 
51 



802 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



COMPARISONS OF EARNINGS IN FOURTEEN TRADES, OR INDUSTRIES, 
AND THE AVERAGE FOR ALL. 



Trades or Industries. 



Per Cent, of Persons Receiving 



$9.00 ' 
per 

week 
and 

over. 



$7.00 
per 

week 
and 

over. 



$6.00 
per 

week 
and 

over. 



$5.00 
per 

week 
and 

over. 



Under 

$5 00 

per 

week. 



Bakeries | 33.76 j 49.97 52.76 64.01 

Blacksmiths | 49.52 | 73.69 84.18 93.21 

Brick and stone masons I 75.44 1 97.22 | 99.76 99.88 

Carpenters and builders | 83.43 | 94.30 I 97.57 99.02 

Carriage and wagon makers I 64.81 j 84.06 I 88.75| 92.03 

Machinists I 66.31| 82.89 88.08, | 92.23 

Marble and granite cutters ' 70.92 1 90.26 1 95.33 | 97.19 

Merchant tailors | 55.10 | 73.10 | 82.66 88.07 

Ceneral contractors ! 83.36 | 98.99] 99.71 99.71 

Painters ...V. ! 78.65 1 90.36 | 94.44 96.73 

Plumbers I 73.99 | 85.16 | 90.19 91.04 

Printers and publishers I 40.99 54.15 1 62. S4 72.55 

Tinsmiths I 54.99 76.66 I 90.00 | 91.67 

Well drivers < 52.58 74.23 | S6.61 | 94.85 

1 

Averages above 14 trades, or industries! 69.12 



83.83 | 88.70 I 92.19 



35.99 

6.79 

.12 

.98 

7.97 

7.77 

2.81 

11.93 

.29 

3.27 

8.96 

27.45 

8.33 

5.15 



.81 



Tl.e above exhibit compares the earnings in each trade, by 
giving the per cent, receiving a specified sum or over in each. 
This is readily illustrated. Bakers is the first in order in the 
exhibit. For this trade we find that 33.76 per cent, received 
$9.00 per week and over ; that 49.97 per cent, received $7.00 
per week or over; that 53.76 per cent, received $6.00 or over; 
that 64.01 per cent, received under $5.00 per week. These are 
the figures for one trade. For all the other trades as well as 
for the average for all the trades included similar presentations 
are made. To find the relative position with respect to earn- 
ings of each trade one needs only to compare these figures. 

The position of all these industries when combined is found 
on the last line in the exhibit. Here we find that 69.12 per cent, 
of the persons employed received $9.00 per week or over; that 
83.83 per cent, received $7.00 or over; that 88.70 per cent, re- 
ceived 92.19 per cent, and over; and that 7.81 per cent, re- 
ceived less than $5.00 per week. 

On the whole, bakeries, printing establishments and mer- 
chant tailors, in the order named, seem from these figures to 
have been paying the lowest wage. Brick and stone masons, 
carpenters and builders, marble and stone cutters, general con- 
tractors, painters and plumbers, or, in other words, employers in 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



803 



these lines paid the highest wage. As to which one of these 
paid the most in earnings it is difficult to determine. The 
course for all runs fairly even. Employes in- these lines are 
quite well organized. This probably largely accounts for the 
slightly higher scale. Blacksmiths, carriage makers, machin- 
ists, tinsmiths and well drivers occupied, so to say, the mid- 
dle ground. In the class $9.00 and over 8 have a greater per 
cent, of persons than the average and 6 a smaller ; in the class 
$7.00 and over 7 have a greater per cent, and 7 a smaller ; in the 
class $6.00 and over 6 have a greater and 8 a smaller; in the 
class $5.00 and over 6 have a greater and 8 a smaller; in the 
class under $5.00, 8 industries have a greater per cent, than the 
average and 6 have a smaller. 



HOTTK, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



We have thus considered Classified Earnings, or the first part 
of the tables. The next step will be to take up the second part 
of the tables, br that which relates to the respective number of 
persons who were employed by the Hour, Day, or Piece. 

The following exhibit shows for the male persons employed 
the number employed by the # Hour, Day and Piece, re- 
spectively : 



Classification. 


Number. 


Per cent. 




5,206 
11,319 
1,214 


29.35 




63.81 




6 84 








Totals 


17,739 


100 00 







Here we find that of the total, or 17,739 male persons em- 
ployed, 5,206, or 29.35 per cent., were employed by the hour; 
that 11,319, or 63.81 per cent., were employed by the day; and 
that 1,214, or 6.84 per cent., were employed by the piece. 



804 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



In the next exhibit is found the respective proportion of fe- 
male persons who were employed by the Hour, Day and Piece : 



Classification. 


Number 


Per cent. 




85 

755 

221 

1,061 


8.02 




71.15 






20.83 


Totals 


100.00 









Of the 1,061 female persons employed we find above that 
85, or 8.02 per cent., were employed by the hour; that 755. or 
71.15 per cent., were employed by the day; and that 221, or 
20.83 per cent., were employed by the piece. 

Comparing the figures for the males and females, we find some 
rather peculiar variations. Thus in the case of hour-hands it 
is seen that 29.35 per cent, of the males and 8.02 per cent, of 
the females were employed in this way. To locate the reasons 
for this variation is not easy. In the day-hands the variation is 
less. In this way 63.81 per cent, of the males as against 71.15 
per cent, of the females were employed. In those employed by 
the piece, however, there is again quite a difference. Of the 
total males 6.81- per cent, worked by the piece, while of the 
total females 20.83 per cent, worked at so-called piece work. 

The next exhibit is devoted to the total number for both 
sexes : 





Classification. 


Number. 


Per cent. 




5,291 
12,074 
1,435 

18,800 


28.14 




64. 21 




7.64 








Totals 


100.00 







It appears in the preceding exhibit that of the total number 
for both males and females, or 18,800 persons, 5,291, or 28.14 
per cent., were employed by the hour; that 12,074 persons, or 
64.22 per cent., were employed by the day; and 1,435, or 7.64 
per cent., were employed by the piece. 

In looking over the various trades we find that all employers 
employed persons by the hour and day, though in some cases the 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



805 



number employed by the hour is very small. Four trades, gen- 
eral contracting, tinsmiths, well drivers and plumbing, employed 
no one at piece work, and in two other trades, marble and stone 
cutting and plumbing, those employed at piece work numbered 
less than 1 per cent, of the whole number in the trade. The 
females were largely employed in the bakery, tailor and print- 
ing trades. In fact, 972 out of the 1,061 females were found in 
these three trades. That this large proportion of female em- 
ployes in these trades should affect the conditions therein was 
inevitable. 

PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT BY MONTHS. 

The last part in each of the fifteen tables covering the four- 
teen trades, and the summaries of same, which constitute the 
subject of this part of part VI., show, as already said, the num- 
ber of males, females, and total persons employed each month, 
and the "range of employment and unemployment" as based 
upon the number thus employed. The facts presented in this 
part of the tables are of the greatest importance. They show 
not only the actual average number employed each month 
throughout the year, but calculations as to the monthly course 
of employment during the period covered. 

These facts are so plainly presented in the original tables 
that in this respect there is little chance for improvement. As 
a matter of convenience, however, a part of the summaries or 
table for all the trades is presnted again: 

PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 



Months. 



Total 

persons 

employed 



Range 
of employ 
ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January .. 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October . . 
November 
December 



9,069 
9,370 
10,993 
13,559 
14,391 
15,890 
15,572 
15.02S 
14.948 
15,494 
13,365 
11,352 



Average fo each month 



13,253 



57.07 
58.97 
69.12 
85.33 
90.57 



98.00 
94.58 
94.07 
97.51 
84.11 
71.44 



83.40 



42.93 
41.03 
30.88 
14.67 
9.43 



2.00 
5.42 
5.93 
2.49 
15.89 
28.56 



16.60 



806 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 

The preceding exhibit deals with the number and range. In 
January the smallest average number of persons were employed. 
Following this there -is a monthly increase until for 
June, which month shows the greatest number. July shows a 
smaller number than June, and the monthly decrease continues 
to October, when there again is an increase. From this month 
to the end of the year there is a steady decrease. As a whole, 
the course during the year is from 9,069 persons iu January to 
15,890 in June and then down to 11,352 in December, with 
an average number to each month of 13,253 persons. 

In studying the monthly number employed the impression 
must be conveyed that a large proportion of those who could 
lind employment at some time during the year were unemployed 
a great part of the time. The time employed is an essential 
element in all social inquiries. Hence several calculations 
based upon the course outlined are also presented. 

For this purpose the month with the greatest number is re- 
garded as the one when there was full employment or no un- 
employment. The exhibit shows that, when all trades are com- 
bined, the greatest number were found for June, and that in 
the ranges of employment this month is represented according- 
ly. As said, the lowest number is that for January. Compar- 
ing the number for the lowest and highest month it is found 
that the former constitutes 57.07 per cent, of the latter. As 
compared to June, then, 57.07 per cent, were employed and 
42.93 per cent, unemployed in January. For February the 
range was 58.97 and 41.03 per cent., respectively, or a little 
more narrow than January, which means that more persons were 
employed and fewer unemployed. The monthly range steadily 
grows narrower until after June, when as said, all were em- 
ployed. Beginning with July the range becomes wider, and 
with only one exception, that for October, when there was a 
sudden rise in the number employed, grows wider until the 
end of the year. The impression one must necessarily receive 
from these facts is, that the employment in these trades, or most 
of them, is at least very irregular. In four of the months the 
unemployed ranged from 28.56 to 42.93 per cent. In two others 
it stood at 14.67 and 15.89 per cent. In connection with the 
figures of the earnings these facts can not fail to be full of 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



807 



meaning to those who are studying the condition of wage- 
earners. 

The next exhibit gives the average number of persons em- 
ployed in each of the fourteen trades considered, and for all 
when combined. It also shows the range of employment and un- 
employment when the average number were employed as based 
upon the number for the month when the greatest number were 
employed. These figures, as may be seen, are taken from the 
foot of the table for the industry or trade they represent : 



industries. 



Range 
of unem- 
ploy- 
ment. 



Bakeries | 1,037 

Blacksm'thing | 614 

Brick and stone masons I 799 

Carpentering and building ] 3,344 

Carriage and wagon making 374 

Machinery | 470 

Marble and stone cutting I 375 

Merchant tailoring | 1,198 

General contracting 949 

Painting I I 1 ,063 

Plumbing | 482 

Printing and publishing I 2,006 

Tinsmiths I 210 

Well driving | 248 

Averages' of total for all I 13,253 



Total 
persons 

em- 
ployed. 



95.49 
97.30 
61.56 
69.60 
93.50 
86.08 
81.87 
93.74 
51.71 
68.31 
82.53 
98.09 
85.71 
90.47 



Range 
of em- 
ploy- 
ment. 



83.40 



4.51 

2.70 
38.44 
30.40 

6.50 
13.92 
18.13 

6.26 
48.29 
31.69 
17.47 

1.91 
14.29 

9.60 



16.60 



This exhibit also shows the irregularity of the employment 
in many of the trades included. As said above, the range here 
is based upon the difference between the average number to each 
month and the number for the month when the greatest number 
were employed, instead of on the difference between the lowest 
and highest month, as above. The range in this exhibit, there- 
fore, is necessarily more narrow than in the one preceding it. 
On the whole, however, this exhibit gives a better idea of the 
real condition. In the building trades, which are largely made 
up of brick and stone masons, carpentering and buildings and 
painting, the range of unemployment, when the average is con- 
sidered, was over 30 per cent. In four other trades two of 
which at least are also closely connected with the building trades, 
the range was from about 14 to about 18 per cent. In the re- 
maining 6 industries the range was comparatively narrow, which 
means that employment there was fairly regular. 



§08 LABOR AND industrial industries. 



DAYS IN OPERATION. 

The following exhibit shows for each trade, and for all, the 
average number of days in operation during the year: 

Industries. Days. 

Bakeries i97 

Blacksniitluug 282 

Brick and stone masons 171 

Carpentering and building 186 

Carriage and wagon making 282 

Machinery 264 

Marble and stone cutting 263 

Merchant tailoring 281 

General contracting 201 

Painting 196 

Plumbing 245 

Printing and publishing 296 

Tinsmiths .' 265 

Well driving 214 

Average for all 246 



The preceding exhibit shows the average number of days in 
operation of the firms or establishments included in each in- 
dustry. These facts were obtained in the following way: Each 
establishment reported the days it was in operation during the 
year. The sum for all in the same line was then divided by 
the number of establishments and the quitient regarded as the 
average days. These facts do not throw much light upon the 
range of employment because nothing is said as to whether they 
were in full operation or not. But they vitally concern the 
business as a whole. This is particularly true when the facts 
for more than one successive year can be had. Only three in- 
dustries are seen to have been in operation less than two hun- 
dred days, while for iive it exceeds 280 days. For three other 
industries the average is between 260 and 270 days and the 
remaining six range from 200 to 250 days. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



800 



HOURS OF LABOR. 



Industries. 



Hour. 



Summer. 



Winter. 



Bakeries '. 

Blaeksmithing 

Brick and stone masons | 

Carpentering and building 

Carriage and wagon making 

Machinery 

Marble and stone cutting 

Merchant tailoring 

G eneral contracting | 

Painting | 

Plumbing | 

Printing and publishing | 

Tinsmiths | 

Well driving | 

I 
Average for all 1 10. 



10.8 


9.8 


| 10. 


9.4 


9.7 


8.4 


9.8 


8.5 


10. 


9.2 


10. 


9.6 


9.9 


8.3 


10. 


9.5 


10. 


8.9 


| 9.7 


8.3 


9.5 


8.4 


10.3 


9.9 


| 10. 


8.8 


11. 


9.1 



Iii the above exhibit we find for each industry the average 
number of hours that constituted a day's labor in summer and 
winter respectively. 

These facts were obtained in the same way as the average 
days. The average hours, when all industries were included, 
was practically 10 in the summer and 9 in the winter. In cities 
where the trades unions are strong the working day is shorter. 
In towns or villages, or where the organizations are less severely 
felt, the day is longer. This was plainly shown in the returns. 
Well driving showed the longest day. Next in order are Bak- 
eries and Printing. In six industries the average is 10 hours 
in summer, and in five others between 9 and 10 hours is found 
to be a day's work. For the winter the day seems, on the whole, 
to be about one hour shorter than for the summer. 



ACCIDENTS. 

The following exhibit gives the number of accidents which 
occurred during the year : 

Industries. Number. 

Bakeries 14 

Blaeksmithing .' 10 

Brick and stone masons 12 

Carpentering and building 60 

Carriage and wagon making 2 

Machinists' 9 

Marble and stone cutting 

Merchant tailoring 2 

General contracting 39 

Painting 4 

Plumbing 

Printing and publishing 11 

Tinsmitning 

Well driving 

Total for all 163 



810 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL ^INDUSTRIES. 



We see from this exhibit that the total number of accidents 
for all industries was 163. As among the industries, the num- 
bers vary. In Carpentering and Building they number 60. In 
General Contracting 39. Bakeries had 14, Printing 11, and 
Masons 14. Four industries show no accidents. Of the num- 
ber employed when the classified earnings were reported, or 
18,800 persons, there was one accident to 115.34 persons. When 
the average number were employed there is one to 81.3 persons. 
As already explained the nature of the accidents were not 
reported. 

TOTAL AMOUNT PAID AS WAGES AND SALARIES. 

We find in the exhibit which follows the amount paid as 
wages and salaries in each industry, together with the total 
amounts for all industries. 



AMOUNTS PAID AS WAGES AND SALARIES. 



Industries. 



Amount 
paid as 
wages. 



Amount 
paid as 
salaries. 



Totals. 



Bakeries $361,708 

Blacksmithing 279,314 

Brick and stone masons 435,616 

Carpentering and building ( 1,306,953 



Carriage and wagon making 

Machinists 

Marble and stone cutting 

Merchaut tailoring 

General contracting 

Painting 

Plumbing 

Printing and publishing .. 

Tinsmithing 

Well driving 



182,552 
221,865 
179,170 
513,128 
456,426 
522,1161 
314,800 
S52.013 

96,265 1 
109,425 I 



$40 

5. 
16 

5, 
26 
38 
89 
44 
14 
23 
297 
36 



764 | 

400 | 

000 

050 

648 

809 

918 

490 

175 

200 

178 

430 

800 



Total for all ! ! $5,861,299 | $637,862 

I I 



$402,472 
279,714 
440,616 

1,323,003 
188,200 
247,674 
218,088 
632,618 
500,601 
536,264 
337,978 

1,149,443 
133,065 
109,425 



$6,499,161 



The preceding exhibit shows that, for the establishments in- 
cluded, the amount paid as wages during the year was $5,861,- 
299, and that paid as salaries $637,862, a total for both of 
$6,499,161. These figures suggest a good many thoughts. 
What, for instance, is the relation between them and the value 
of the total product ? What was the share to each worker ? How 
was his share paid to them, weekly or monthly ? What stand- 
ard of comfort did it enable them and their families to live in ? 
These are only a few of the lines of thought or investigation 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 8H 

suggested; but even these are not answered. To find out the 
relation between wages and value of the product would require 
full data of the latter, and this was not obtained. Some idea of 
the share to each worker may be had by dividing the total 
amount of wages by the average number employed. This is not 
always satisfactory. In fact, it tells us little more than clas- 
sified earnings, and the range of employment. To get the exact 
earnings of each worker is practically impossible. Conditions 
of all kinds block the way. The workers are too numerous for 
all to be reached, and even if reached they could not be depended 
upon for correct answers. Where steadily employed, the books 
of the employer would reveal the facts, but so much labor is in- 
volved in tracing the facts down that neither employer or in- 
vestigator can be expected to cope with it. As to the time of 
payment, the facts are easily obtained, and while no special ef- 
forts were made to obtain them it appeared from these and other 
returns that the time of payment varied from weekly to month- 
ly. In fact all modes are found. The standard of living is an 
extremely important question. It involves, however, many sep- 
arate investigations. Besides the exact earnings of each family, 
it would be necessary to know how this earning was expended, 
and the price and grade of the goods it was expended for. This 
range is plainly too wide for the present effort. Our purpose 
was mainly to show the classified earnings and range of employ 
ment. And these facts, while apparently naked or isolated 
when the entire field of inquiry is considered, are not without 
value. They are full of meaning even when they stand alone. 
When obtained for a series of years they are even more so. 
From such knowledge as almost everyone possesses of the course 
of prices on commodities, it is possible to form conclusions as 
to the effect upon the wage earners of such changes in classified 
earnings and the range of employment as take place from time 
to time. 

Another matter should be mentioned here. In reporting, 
many of the smaller establishments were evidently in doubt as 
what constitutes wages and what salaries. The confusion 
upon this point evidently caused a few minor errors in the re- 
turns. That is, there are possibly a few cases where sums, that 



812 LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 

in reality were wages, were classed as salaries and vice versa. 
From a close examination, however, it is felt that these errors 
are few, and that such as occurred about balance each other. 
The total for both wages and salaries is unquestionably correct. 

COAL AND WOOD HANDLING, MISLTSTG, QUARRYING, AND THE 
TOTALS OF THESE, INCLUDING THE TOTALS FOR THE FOUR- 
TEEN PRECEDING TRADES. 

The four presentations which follow show the classified week- 
ly earnings, the Hour, Day and Piece Hands, the persons em- 
ployed by months, the average days in operation, the hours of 
labor, the number of accidents, and the amount paid as wages 
and salaries, first, for those engaged in coal handling, sec- 
ond, those engaged in mining, third, quarrymen, fourth, the 
total for these three occupations and the fourteen preceding ones 
when combined, in 1898. 

By coal and wood handling is meant those engaged in the un- 
loading of coal from vessels and who are handling coal and wood 
on docks and in yards. 

By mining is meant mostly those who are employed at min- 
ing lead and zinc in the southwestern parts of the state or where 
these mines are located. 

By quarrying is meant those employed in the different stone 
quarries throughout the state. 

The data were in all cases obtained from the employers, and 
all wage earners employed by them regardless of pay and kind 
of work done are included. There is, as said, one presentation 
for each of these industries as well as one in which they and the 
preceding fourteen are combined. These presentations are pre- 
cisely the same both in form, arrangement, and nature of the 
data collected. As those for the fourteen trades or industries 
were quite fully described in these respects, there is nothing to 
add on this point here. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



813 



COAL AND WOOD HANDLING. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


Females 
over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

years. 


Females 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


Per cent- 
ages. 




12 
130 
170 
118 

82 

196 

28 

100 

736 

358 

124 

50 

6 

16 

g 

4 


| 


1 
1 


12 
130 
170 
118 

82 
196 

28 
100 
736 
358 
128 

58 
6 

16 

, 14 

6 


.56 


20.00 but under $25.00 


I 


| 


6.00 


IX. 00 but under 20.00 


| 


! 


7.85 


15.00 but under IS. 00 


I 


| 


5.46 


13.00 but under 15.00 
12.00 but under 13.00 


| 


[ 


3.78 


: i 


| 


9.06 


11.00 but under 12.00 




| 


1.29 


10. 00 but under 11.00 




1 


1 


4.63 


9.00 but under 10. 00 


1 


:::| 


34.05 


8.00 but under 9.00 






16.54 


7.00 but under 8.00 




4 

8 




5.91 


6.00 but under 7.00 


1 




2.6S 


5 50 but under 6.00.. 


i 





.27 


5 00 but under 5.50 







.74 


4 50 but under 5.00 . 


2 1 

2 1 

1 


4 





.64 







.27 


3 50 but under 4 00 











4 


2 1 









6 


.27 


2 50 but under 3 00 











| 




| I 






I 1 




1 | i I 








Totals .. 


2,142 
98.99 


6 

.27 


16 
.74 




2,164 
100.00 


100.00 


Percentages 









HOL'R, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. I 

No. employed by the day..! 

No. employed on niece wk.| 

I 

Totals I 2,142 

Percentages | 98.99 



1 

| 701 j . 




1 
10 


1 

714 | 

1,320 1 

130 1 

j 


32. P9 


1 1,368 I 


6 ! 


6 I 


60.99 


130 |. 


1 


6.02 






1 2,142 '| 


6 1 
.27 | 


16 1 


2,164 1 
100.00 


100. CO 


98.99 j 


1 
•74 | 





PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals 



Range 
of employ- 
ment. 



Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January .., 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June , 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November . 
December , 



1,360 
1,232 
1,170 
1,166 
1,338 
1,436 
1,604 
1,628 
1,654 
2, M0 
1,754 
1.55S 



1,366 
1,238 
1,176 
1,172 
1,344 
1,440 
l.fiOS 
1,632 
1,660 
2,066 
1,776 
1.5S0 



66.11 
59.92 
56.92 
56.72 
65.05 
69.69 
77.83 
78.99 
80.34 



Averages i 1,496.( 



S.16 



1,504.82 



85.96 
76.47 



72.84 



33.89 
40. OS 
43.08 
43.28 
34.95 
30.31 
22.17 
21.01 
19.65 



14.04 
23.53 



27.16 



Days m operation, 278. 

Hours of labor — summer, 10; winter, 9.6. 

Number of accidents. 58. 

Total wages paid, $822,272. 

Total salaries paid, $155,102. 



814 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



MIXING. 
(classified wppldy earnings. 



Malp= 
Classification. over 18 

1 years. 


denial" 
over 18 
years. 


1 

Males 1 "'emale 

unilcr 18 under IS 

years. years. 


Totals. 


°er cent- 
ages. 


I 1 
$25.00 r>pr wp»6 and over..! 1 . 






20.00 but u ruler $25.00 | i | 
is.no but under ?0.no | 4 1 
15. oo but under is. on | 5 | 

13.00 but under 15. on 1 2° 1 

f.00 but under 13. 00 1 | 
11.00 but under 12.00 ! 30 1 
in.oo hut under 11.00 | 14« I 

9.00 hut under 10.00 1 ??R ! 

8.00 but under 9.00 1 4R1 | 

7.00 but uudoi- R.00 | 3." I 

R.rtft hut un^er 7. 00 | 22 I 

R.SO but under o.oo ! i 


1 | 


1 

4 

5 

22 

"0 

30 

146 

228 

451 

355 

31 


.07 


1 | 


32 


1 1 


.39 


I I 


1.75 


1 | 


.70 


1 1 


2.33 


! ! 


11 37 


1 1 


17.75 


' I 


35 12 


! ! 


27.64 


| 9 ! 


2.41 


1 1 




5. on hut under 5.50 1... I 






4.50 but umTer 5.00 ! 2 I 


! 1 


2 


.15 


! 1 




3.50 hut under 4. on ' j. I ! 






3 00 hut under 3.50... ...I .. . I ! . 






2"0 hut under 3.00 j I ' ' 






2 00 hut under 2.50 | ! I I 






1.50 hut under 2.00 ! | 1 ! 






Under SI .50 ' ' 1 1 






II' 1 






Totals 1 1.275 1 

1 | 

Percentages 1 09.29 j 


I 9 1 


1,284 
100.00 


100.00 


1 ! 
! .71 1 





HOUR. DAY AND PIECE IIANDS. 



No. employed by the hour. 
No. employed by the day.. 
No. employed on piece wk.| 

Totals I 



Percentages ' 99.29 




PERSONS EMPLOYED, 



RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT—BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Range 
of employ- 
ment. 



Ranee 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January ... 
February ., 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December . 



Averages 



1,232 
1,235 
1,293 
1,198 
1,209 
1,194 
1,236 
1.259 
1.253 
1,253 
1.200 
1,193 



1,232 
1,235 
1,293 
1,198 

•1,209 
1.194 
1.220 
1,259 
1,253 
1,253 
1,200 
1,193 



95.2S 
95.51 



92.65 
93.50 
92.34 
94. SI 
97.37 
96.90 
96.90 
92.80 
92.26 



1,229 



1,229 



95.055 



4.72 
4.49 



7.35 
6.50 
7.65 
5.19 
2.63 
3.10 
3.10 
7.20 
7.74 



4.95 



Days in operation, 2S3. 

Hours of labor— summer, 9.2; -winter, 9. 

Number of accidents, 2. 

Total wages paid, $520,065. 

Total salaries paid, $43,661. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 



815 



QTJARRYMEN. 

(classified weekly earnings.) 



Classification . 


j Males 

1 over 18 

years. 


over 18 
years. 


Males 

under 18 

year-'. 


"•Vmale? 

under 18 

years. 


Totals , 


'er cent- 
ages. 


$25.00 ner 
20. oo but 

IS 00 hut 


■\vpp1c 
unrlpr 
unrler 
nnrlpr 
nnrlpr 
nnrlpr 
nnrlpr 
nnrlpr 
under 
unrlpr 
nnrlpr 
under 
unrler 
unrlpr 
unrler 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
undpr 
"iidpr 




1 / 


1 




















20.00... 
18.00 . 

15.00 

13 00 . 
1°.00. . 
11.00 
10.00 

9.00... 

8 00 . 

7.00 

fl.oo... 

5.50 

5 00.. 

4. SO 


1 4 I 
! 58 | 

! ins 
I 12 
1 S 
i SS 
I ,9'S | 

: 104 

1 ?52 
1 116 
! 16 

I 60 
! 2 < 
1 2 


I 




4 

58 

108 

12 

8 

88 

2°8 

1<U 

952 

118 

16 

60 

2 


.34 


15 Oo hut 


1 




4.97 


1" 00 hut 


i 




9.95 


19. 00 hut 


i 




1.03 


11 00 hut 


I 




.69 


10 00 hut 


I 




7. £4 


n m hut 


...!. 




10 P3 


S 00 hut 


i 




16 61 


T 00 hnf 






21.57 


6 00 hut 


... 

2 






10.10 


5 50 hut 






1.37 


5 00 hut 







5.13 


4 50 hut 


i 




.17 




...1 




.17 


3. 50 hut 












9, 
6 


6 




8 
6 

4 


.RS 


9 50 hut 


3 00 


1 ....' 




.51 


° 00 hut 


o '.r\ 




4 




.34 


1.m hut 
Under $1. 




i 











I 










Is .... 
etasres 














Perc 


I 1,145 

I 

! 9S.28 


10 
.86 


10 
.86 




1,168 

100. 00 


100.00 







HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



i i ; i i ! 

■^ r n employer! hv the nour ! 501 | 10 1 4 1 1 515 44.00 


Vo errmloverf bv the dnv 1 604 ! ' 6 1 1 610 52. '3 






Totals I 1,148 ! 10 1 10 1 1 1,168 1 100.00 


1 ! ! I 1 I 
Percetages 1 98.28 ! .86 | .86 \ | 100.00 | 



persons Employed, range of employment 
ment— by months. 



AND UNEMPLOY- 



Months. 


Males. 


Females. 


Totals . 


Range 
of employ- 
ment. 


Range 
of unem- 
ployment. 




47? 
480 
528 
782 
754 
964 
904 
870 
900 
894 
788 
572 


6 

6 

6 

6 

10 

10 

10 

10 

6 

6 

6 

6 


478 
486 
534 
788 
' 764 
974 
914 
880 
906 
900 
794 
57S 


49.07 
49.89 
53.79 
80.90 
78.43 


50.93 




50.11 




46.21 


April 


19.10 


May 


21.57 






July 


93.82 
90.34 
93.01 
92.40 
81.50 
58.31 


6.18 




9.66 




6.99 




7.60 




18.50 




41.69 



Averages 



741.66 



7.34 



749 



77.00 



Days in operation, 175. 

Hours of labor— summer, 9.9; winter, 8.6. 

Number of accidents, 10. 

Total wages paid, $259,256. 

Total salaries paid, $24,698. 



23.00 



816 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



TOTALS FOR FOURTEEN SKILLED TRADES, COAL AND WOOD HAND^ 
LING, MINING, QUARRYMEN. 







(classified 


weekly earnings. 








Classificat 


ion. 


Males 
over 18 
years. 


^emale 
over 18 
years. 


Mal°s 

under 18 

years. 


female' 

under 18 

years. 


Totals. 


''er oent- 
ages. 


J'R.Oft r>er 


wpek 
under 
nnrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrior 
unrTer 
nnrler 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
under 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
unrlpr 
under 
under 
under 
unrVr 
under 
50 .. 


inrl over. . 

$'5. 00 
20.00 

is. on 
15.00 | 

13 00 

19.00 

11.00 

10.00 

3.00 

S 00 

7 00 

r, no . 

5.50.. 
5.00 
4.50 ... 
4.00 

.3. -ft 

3 00.. .. 
2.50 


193 

3S2 
862 
1.234 
1.298 
2 647 
1.1*5 
2 531 

5.23G 

2.447 

1,913 

492 

1«4 

3J", 

135 

P7 

4", 

76 
2 


I 
1 




123 

3«2 
862 

1 234 
1.29S 
2.647 
list 

2.545 
5.252 

2 4S0 

2. on 

1,192 

2^6 
4S7 
2 e 6 
205 
1SS 
355 
209 
130 
110 
30 


52 


20.00 hut 


1 




1.63 


18. 00 hnt 


I 




3.6S 


is. on but 


1 % 




5.*>S 


13.00 hut 


1 




5.54 


12.00 hut 






11.31 


11.00 hut 




10 
14 
16 
33 
SO 
96 
58 
104 

so 

53 
'85 
11S 

93 

47 






5.05 


]0.00 hut 






10.87 


9 oo hnt 






22.42 


S.OO hut 






10 50 


7.00 hut 


28 
60 
21 
4ft 
4S 
47 
55 
137 
SS 
63 
60 
24 




1 S.«7 


6.0ft hut 
n 50 hnt 
5.00 hnt 
4. BO hur 
4.00 hut 
3.50 hnt 
3.0ft hut 
9.50 hnt 
o 00 hnt 


15 
3 
2 

14 

6 

R 

?9 

"6 

20 

50 

6 


4.79 
! 1.13 

■> OS 
I 1.92 

1 .S7 

1 .so 

I 1.51 
1 .89 

1 .55 


1 50 hnt 


2.00 




1 .47 


Under $1. 











! .13 


Is .... 











Tota 


21,662 
92.51 


905 

3. 87 


677 

2. SO 


172 

.73 


23,416 
100.00 


1 100.00 


Percentages 





HOUR, DAY AND PIECE HANDS. 



No. employed T>y the hour. 6.2S4 
No. employed by the day..; 13.867 
No. employed on piece wk.i 1.511 



Totals i 21,662 

I 
Percentages ! 92.51 




18 
141 
13 



! 6,526 
I 15.1.36 
! 1,754 



172 
.73 



23,416 
100.00 



27. S7 

64.64 

7.49 



100.00 



PERSONS EMPLOYED, RANGE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOY- 
MENT-BY MONTHS. 



Months. 



Males. 



Females. 



Totals. 



Ranse 

of employ 

ment. 



Ransre 
of unem- 
ployment. 



January .. 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December 



Averages | 15,754 



11,223 


922 


12.145 


11,382 


947 


12,329 


13.039 


957 


13.996 


15,704 


1.013 


16.717 


16.664 


1,044 


17,708 


18,468 


1.O30 


19.498 


18,308 


1.012 


19,320 


17,818 


9S1 


18.799 


17,804 


963 


18.767 


18.742 


971 


19,713 


16.167 


968 


17.135 


13,717 


986 


14,703 



16,736 



61.60 
62.54 
70.99 
84.80 
89.82 
98.90 
98.00 
95.36 
95.20 



86.92 
74.58 



S4.89 



38.40 

37.46 

29.01 

15.20 

10.18 

1.10 

2.00 

4.64 

4. SO 



13.08 
25.42 



15.11 



Days in operation, 245.82. 

Hours of labor— summer, 10; winter, 

Number of accidents. 233. 

Total wages paid. $7,462,892. 

Total salaries paid, $S61,323. 



SKILLED TRADES, 1898-1899. 817 

In each of the four preceding tables the first part relates to 
"Classified Weekly Earnings." In that part the table for "Coal, 
handling" includes 2,164 persons of whom 98.98 per cent, 
were males 1 8 years and over, .27 per cent, females 18 years and 
over, .73 per cent, males under 18 years. The table for "Min- 
ing" includes 1,284 persons of whom 99.29 per cent, were males 
18 years and over and .71 per cent, males under 18 years. The 
table for "Quarrymen" includes 1,168 persons of whom 98.28 
per cent, were males 18 years and over, .86 per cent, were fe- 
males 18 years and over, and .86 per cent, males under 18 years. 
The last table, the one for seventeen occupations or industries, 
includes 23,416 persons of whom 92.51 per cent, were males 18 
and over, 3.87 per cent, females 18 years and over, 2.89 per 
cent, males under 18, and .73 per cent, females under 18 years. 

The same number of persons as given above are also found 
in the corresponding parts for "Hour, Day, and Piece Hands." 
The average number to each month, as based upon the monthly 
average, is a great deal lower than this. Thus we find that 
"Coal handlers" shows only 1..505 as the average; Mining 
shows an average of 3,229 persons ; "Quarrymen" shows an aver- 
age of 750 persons, and the table for all industries shows an 
average of 16,736 persons. 

As to the "Classified Earnings," that for Coal handlers ranks 
as high as for most of the skilled trades. The earnings of the 
Miners is much lower than for Coal handlers. In fact, it seems 
to be on the par with that for common labor in general. For 
Quarrymen the earnings is about the same as for Miners, the 
labor involved being of much the same character. The average 
earnings for all seems to be about midway between that for 
Quarrying and that for Coal handlers. 

Of the Coal handlers, 32.99 per cent, were employed by the 
hour, 60.99 per cent, by the day, and 6.02 per cent, were em- 
ployed by the piece. 

Of the Miners, .46 per cent, only were emplo # yed by the hour, 
while 88.17 per cent, were employed by the day, and 11.37 per 
cent, by the piece. 

Of the Quarry hands, 44.09 per cent, were employed by the 
hour, 52.23 per cent, by the day, and 3. OS per cent, were em- 
ployed at piece work. 
52 



818 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



The average "Range of Unemployment" was : Coal handlers, 
27.16 per cent., Mining, 4.95 per cent., Qnarrymen, 23 per cent., 
all, or 17 industries, 15.11 per cent. According to this the irreg- 
ularity was greatest for the Coal handlers and smallest for the 
Miners. 

For all industries, — seventeen, — the average days in operation 
was 245.82, the hours of daily labor, 10 in summer and 9 in 
winter, the number of accidents, 233, the total amount paid as 
wages, $7,462,892, and the total salaries, $861,323. These facts 
for the other three tables are found at the foot of same. 

In order that the earnings in these occupations or tables may 
be the more readily compared with that in other occupations as 
shown, the facts relating to it for each has been reduced to the 
classes as given in the following exhibit: 

COMPARISON OF EARNINGS IN COAL HANDLING, MINING. QUARRYING, 
AND OF THE AVERAGE FOR 17 INDUSTRIES, INCLUDING THE THREE 
PRESENTED HERE AND THE FOURTEEN PRESENTED IN THE 
PRECEDING PAGES. 



Industries. 



Coal and wood handling 

Mining 

Quarrying 

Average of above three and pre 
ceding fourteen industries 



Pee Cent, of Peesons Receiving 



$9.00 per $7 00 per 

week week 
and over, and over. 



72.68 
34.68 
43.35 

66.30 



95.13 
97.44 
81.53 

85.56 



$6.00 per 

week 
and over. 



97.81 
99.85 
91.63 



90.35 



$5.00 per 

week 
and over. 



98.82 
99.85 
9S.13 



93.56 



Under 

15.00 per 
week. 



1.18 
.15 

1.87 



44 



From the above exhibit it is seen that of the Coal handlers 
72.68 per cent, received $9.00 per week and over, 95.13 per cent, 
received $7.00 and over, 97.81 per cent, received $6.00 per week 
or over, 98.82 per cent, received $5.00 and over,, while 1.18 per 
cent, received less than $5.00 per week. For Mining and Quar- 
rying the earnings were somewhat lower. Thus it is seen that 
for the former of these only 34.68 per cent, and for the latter 
43.35 per cent, received $9.00 per week and over. 

When the seventeen industries are included, 66.30 per cent, 
were in the $9.00 and over class, 85.56 per cent, in the $7.00 
and over class, 90.35 per cent, in the $6.00 and over class, 93.56 
per cent, in the $5.00 and over class, while 6.44 per cent, were 
in the "Under $5.00" class. 



LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 819 



LOGGING AND DKIVING— SEASON OF 1897-98. 

The total number of persons employed in the timber woods 
'during the season of 1897-98, as shown by the several tabula- 
tions which follow, was 12,780. 

Of this number 10,560 were variously employed at monthly 
wages, ranging from $24.00 to $105.00, the average being 
$35.88, and 2,220 were employed at log driving and received 
daily wages, ranging from $1.40 to $3.40, the average being 
$2.38. 

The wages paid for one month, exclusive of the persons en- 
gaged by the day, is shown to be $378,890.00 Estimating that 
the day men, in the occupation of log driving, work 30 days in 
a month, the total wages of this class would be $158,550.00, and 
would make the total $537,440.00 for one month. In all cases 
the employes received their board in addition to the wages paid, 
and if the value of this item is estimated at $12.00 per month 
the amount of monthly wages is increased by 153,260 or $690,- 
800.00. 

The uncertainty as to the continuity of employment of the 
day men makes it necessary to exhibit the data in tables sepa- 
rate from those employed by' the month. 

Table I is in 13 parts, and shows in detail the number of per- 
sons employed in each of the various occupations involved in 
this industry. 

The wages paid are grouped for convenience and shown in 
descending grade, for each branch of employment, and ^he num- 
ber of persons receiving each sum is set opposite thereto. 

Appended to each division of this table, there appears for 
each classification the whole number of persons employed 
therein, their total wages for one month, and the average wages 
for one month: 



820 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



TABLE I. 



FOREMEN. 



The number of persons employed as foremen in the timber woods during the 
season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Ctessfication of daily wages. 



Number 


• 
Pei> cent. 






4 


3.5 


1 


0.9 


4 


3.5 


8 


7.1 


6 


5.4 


10 


9.0 


7 


6.2 


14 


12.5 


1 


0.9 


10 


9.0 


1 


0.9 


13 


11.6 


19 


16.9 


5 


4.5 


7 


6.2 


1 


0.9 


1 


1. 


112 


100. 



$105.00 per month, including board 
100.00 per month, including board 
87.00 per month, including board 
85.00 per month, including board 
80.00 per month, including board 
75.00 per month, including board 
72.00 per month, incJuding board 
70.00 per month, including board 
68.50 per month, including board 
65.00 per month, including board 
62.00 per month, including board 
60.00 per month, including board 
55.00 per month, including board 
54.00 per month, including board 
52.00 per month, including board 
50.00 per month, including board 
40.00 per month, including board 

Totals 



Total wages for one month. $7,591.50. 
Average wages for one month, $67.78. 



SAWYERS. 

The number of persons employed as sawyers in the timber woods during the 
season of 1S97-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 



Number 
persons. 



Per cent. 



$45.00 per month, including board 

42.00 per month, including board 

40. 00 per month, including board 

39.00 per month, including board 

3S.00 per month, including board 

37.00 per month, including board 

36.00 per monui, including board 

35.00 per month, including board 

34.00 per month, including board 

33.00 per month, including board 

32.50 per month, including board 

32.00 per month, including board 

31.00 per month, including board 

30.00 per month, including board 

29.00 per month, including board 

2S.00 per month, including board 

Totals 



27 " 


1. 


81 


3.1 


115 


4.5 


38 


1.5 


263 


10.4 


71 


2.S 


525 


20.9 


169 


6.7 


421 


16.7 


43 


1.7 


13 


0.5 


306 


12.2 


49 


2. 


360 


14.3 


1 24 


0.9 


2 


0.8 



2,507 



100. 



Total wages for one month, $S7,153.50. 
Average wages for one month, $34.76. 



LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 



821 



SWAMPERS. 

The number of persons\employed as swampers in the timber woods during the 
season of 1S97-9S, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons. 


Per cent. 


$48.00 per month, including board 


25 

16 

2 

23 

125 
26 

368 

118 

326 
74 
14 

458 
28 
26 

564 
42 

241 

30 

16 

3 


1. 


41.00 per month, including board 


0.6 


40.00 per month, including board 


0.1 


39.00 per month, including board 


1. 




4.9 


37.00 per month, including board 


1. 




14.5 




4.7 




13. 




2.9 




0.6 




18.2 




1.1 




1. 




22.3 




1.7 




9.5 




1.2 




0.6 




0.1 






Totals 


2,524 


100. 







Total wages for one month. $82,405. 
Average wages for one month, $32.63. 



LOADERS. 

The number of persons employed as loaders in the timber woods during the 
season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons. 


Per cent. 


43.00 per month, including board 

41.00 per month, including board 

40.00 per month, including board 


49 

63 

15 

42 

220 

7 

77 

5 

321 

70 

176 

32 

13 

101 ' 

22 

2 

5 

147 


3.3 

4.6 
1.1 
3.1 

16. 
0.5 
5.7 
0.3 

23.3 
5.1 

12.9 




2.3 
0.1 




7.4 
1.6 
0.1 

0.4 
10.8 


Totals 1 


1,367 


100. 




1 



Total wages for one month. $51,893.50. 
Average wages for one month, $37.96. 



822 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



CHAIN TENDERS. 

The number of persons employed as' chain tenders in the timber woods during 
the season of 1S97-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons. 


Per cent. 


$42.00 per month, including board 


16 
65 
68 
18 
51 
15 
34 
15 
4 
123 
30 
12 


3.5 


40.00 per month, including board 


14.4 


38.00 per month, including board 


15. 


37.00 per month, including board 


3.9 




11.3 




3.3 




7.5 




3.4 




1. 




27.3 




6.7 




2.7 






Totals' 


451 


100. 







Total wages for one month, $15,7SS. 
Average wages for one month, $35. 



TEAMSTERS. 



x'he numoer of persons, employed as teamsters in the timber woods durinj 
season of 1S97-9S, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



the 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 

persons. 


Per cent. 




6 

12 
92 
IS 


0.3 
0.6 
4.5 
0.9 




42 
174 
8 
216 
151 
343 

17 


2. 




8.6 




0.4 




10.6 




7.5 




16.9 




0.8 




493 

37 1 


24.3 
1.8 




15 
127 
30 
13 
71 
159 


O.S 




6.3 




1.5 




0.7 




3.6 




7.9 








2,024 


100. 







Total wages for one month, $75,811.00. 
Average wages for one month, $37.45. 



LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 



823 



SCALERS. 

The number t>f persons employed .is scalers in the timber woods during the 
season of 1S57-9S, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons. 


Per cent. 


$90.00 per month, including board 


1 
2 
1 
2 
10 
4 
4 
5 
1 
1 
2 
1 
4 


2.6 


SO. 00 per month, including board 


5.3 


75.00 per month, including board 


2.6 


70.00 per month, including board 


5.2 


(>0. 00 per month, including board 


26.3 




10.6 




10.6 




13.1 




2.6 




2.6 




5.3 




2.6 




10.6 






Totals 


3S 


100. 







Total wages for one month, $2,022. 
Average wages for one month, $53.21. 



LANDING MEN. 



The number of persons employed as landing men in the timber woods during 
the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons. 


Per cent. 




20 
S 

12 
55 
28 
25 
63 
3 


5.7 




2.3 




3.4 




15.6 




8. 




7.2 




17.9 




0.8 


34.00 per month, including board 


21.9 


| 


6 

30 
25 


1.6 
8.5 
7.1 


Totals 


352 


100. 







Total wages for one month, $12,986. 
Average wages for one month, 136.89. 



824 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



ROAD MAKERS. 

The number of persons employed in road making in the timber woods during 
the season of 1897-98. at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 



Number 
persons. 



Per cent. 



$11.00 per month, including board | 

40.00 per month, including board ] 

39.00 per month, including- board | 

38.50 per month, including board j 

38.00 per month, including hoard I 

37.00 per month, including board I 

36.00 per month, including board | 

35.00 per month, including board I 

34.50 per month, including board | 

34.00 Der month, including board I 

33.00 per month, including hoard I 

32.50 per month, including board ' 

32.00 per month, including board l 

31.00 per month, including board I 

30.00 per month, including board I 

2S.00 per month, including board I 

27.00 per month, including board | 

26.00 per month, including board I 

Totals I 



Total wages for one month, $23,035. 
Average wages for one month, $33.38. 



12 


1.7 


10 


1.4 


7 


1. 


2 


0.3 


34 


5. 


2 


0.3 


172 


25. 


12 


1.7 


6 


0.9 


10S 


15.8 


6 


0.9 


4 


0.6 


126 


18.2 


25 


3.6 


130 


18.8 


8 


1.1 


1 


0.1 


25 


3.6 


690 


100. 



COOKS. 



The number of persons employed as cooks in the timber woods during 
season of X897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



the 



Classification of monthly wages. 



Number 
persona. 



Per cent. 



$75.00 per 
72.00 per 
70.00 per 
65.00 per 
C4.00 per 
62.00 per 
60.00 per 
57.0ft per 
55.00 per 
53.00 per 
52.00 per 
50.00 per 
48.00 per 
47.00 per 
45.00 per 
43.00 per 
42.00 per 
41.00 per 
40.00 per 
3S.00 per 



month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month. 
mouth, 
month, 
month, 
month, 
month, 



including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 
including 



board . 
board, 
board, 
board. 
board, 
board. 
board. 
hoard, 
hoard, 
hoard. 
hoard, 
board. 
hoard, 
board . 
board. 
board, 
board, 
board. 
board. 
board. 



Totals .1 

I 



5 


2.8 


4 


2.3 


3 


1.8 


2 


1.2 


4 


2.3 


4 


2.3 


46 


25.9 


6 


. 3.2 


9 


5. 


3 


1.7 


6 


3.2 


IS 


10. 


12 


6.7 


5 


2.8 


12 


6.7 


1 


o.e 


1 


0.6 


4 


2.3 


29 


16.3 


4 


2.3 



178 



100. 



Total wages for one month, $9,387. 
Average wages for one month, $52.73. 



LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 



825 



COOKS' HELPERS. 

The number of persons employed as cooks' helpers in the timber woods during 
the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 



Number 
persons. 



Per cent. 



$39.00 per month, including board 

38.00 per month, including board 

36.00 per month, including board 

35.00 per month, including board 

34.00 per month, including board 

33.00 per month, including board 

32.00 per month, including board 

31.00 per month, including board 

30.00 per month, including board 

29.00 per month, including board 

28.00 per month, including board 

25.00 per month, including board 

24. CO per month, including board 

Totals 



2 


1.3 


1 8 


5. 


6 


3.8 


5 


3.1 


19 


12. 


3 


2. 


2* 


16.5 


6 


3.8 


44 


27.8 


6 


3.8 


31 


19.6 


1 


0.6 


1 


0.7 



158 



100. 



Total wages for one month, $4,947. 
Average wages for one month, $31.31. 



BLACKSMITHS. 

The number of persons employed as blacksmiths in the timber woods during 
the season of 1897-98. at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 



Number 
persons. 



Per cent. 



$62.00 per month, including board 

60.00 per month, including board 

55.00 per month, including board 

52.00 per month, including board 

50.00 pei mon^lif including board 

48.50 per month, including board 

47.00 per mouth, including boara 

45.00 per month, including board 

42.00 per month, including board 

40.00 per month, including board 

15.00 per month, including board 

32.00 per month, including board 

Totals 



i 1 


2. 


1 2 


4. 


1 4 


8.2 


I 1 


2 


1 9 


18.4 


| 1 


2. 


1 5 


10.3 


4 


8.2 


1 2 


4. 


1 4 


8.2 


4 


8.2 


1 12 


24.5 


49 


100. 



Total wages for one month, $2,135.50. 
Average wages for one month, $43.57. 



826 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

The number of persons' employed at miscellaneous work in the timber woods 
during the season of 1897-98, at specified monthly wages, including board. 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons . 


Per cent. 


$70.00 per monih, iucluding board 

34.00 per month, including board 

32.00 per month, includiug board 

Totals 


1 
1 
1 
5 
3 
2 
3 
9 
3 

41 
7 

20 
5 
3 
1 
3 
1 


0.9 
0.9 
0.9 
4.6 
2.7 
1.8 
2.8 
8.3 
2.7 

37.6 
6.4 

18.4 
4.6 
2.8 
0.9 
2.8 
0.9 


109 


100. 







Total wages for one month, $3,735. 
Average wages for one month, $34.26. 

Table II is adapted from the facts shown in Table I to ex- 
hibit at a glance the number of employes in each classification, 
their total; also the range of wages paid, giving the highest, 
lowest, and average amount received per month by each em- 
ploye in each division of the work. 

TABLE II. 



LOGGING. 

(Season 1897-98.) 

The number employed in each division of employment; also the highest, lowest 
;nd average wages paid, including board. 



Classification. 



Total 

number 

employes. 



Highest 

wages. 



Lowest 
wages. 



Average 
wages. 



Per month including board 





112 

2,507 

2,525 

1,367 

451 

2,024 

38 

352 

690 

178 

15S 

49 

109 


$105.00 
45. CO 
48.00 
47.00 
42.00 
52.00 
90.00 
50.00 
41.00 
75.00 
39.00 
62.00 
70,00 


$40.00 
28.00 
24.00 
30.00 
24.00 
30.00 
31.00 
30.00 
26.00 
38.00 
24.00 
32.00 
26.00 


$67.78 




34.76 




32.63 




37. 9G 




35.00 




37.45 




53.21 




36.89 




33.38 




52.73 




31.31 




43.57 




34.26 






Total 


10,560 

















LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 



827 



Table III is arranged to show the number and per cent, of 
employes receiving specified wages grouped in a descending 
grade; also the total and average monthly amounts. This ex- 
hibit consolidates the items of Table I as to the number of em- 
ployes receiving each sum, and necessarily disregards the classi- 
fication as to special employment. 

TABLE III. 

« 

LOGGING. 



The number of persons employed in the timber woods during the season of 
1S97-9S, at specified monthly wages, and board (not including 2,200 men at 
day wages). 



Classification of monthly wages. 



Number 
persons. 



Per cent. 



$80.00 and over per month and board. 

75.00 per month and board 

72.00 per month and board 

70.00 per month and board , 

68.50 per month and board 

65.00 per month and board 

64.00 per month and board 

62.00 per month and board 

60.00 per month and board 

V7.00 per month and board 

55.00 per month and board 

54.00 per month and board 

53.00 per month and board 

5?.<X> per month and board 

50.00 per month and board., 

48.50 per month and board 

48.00 per month and board .. 

47.00 per month and board 

45.00 per month and board 

44.00 per'month and board 

43.00 per month and board 

42.00 per month and board 

41.00 per month and board 

40.00 per month and board 

39.00 per month and board 

38.50 per month and board 

38.00 per month and board 

37.00 per month and board 

36.00 per month and board 

35.00 per month and board 

34.50 per month and board 

34.00 per month and board 

38.00 per month and board 

32.50 per month and board 

32.00 per month and board 

31.00 per month and board 

30.50 per month and board 

30.00 per month and board 

?9.00 per month and board 

28.00 per month and board 

27.00 per month and board 

26.00 per month and board .-.. 

25.00 per month and board 

24.00 per month and board 



Totals 



10,560 



26 


0.24 


16 


0.15 


11 


0.11 


20 


0.2 


1 


0.01 


12 


0.12 


4 


0.04 


6 


0.05 


71 


0.66 


7 


0.06 


36 


0.35 


5 


0.05 


3 


0.03 


20 


0.2 


64 


0.61 


1 


0.01 


37 


0.35 


1 60 


0.57 


* 203 


1.93 


33 


0.32 


93 


0.88 


511 


4.84 


48 


0.45 


578 


5.47 


256 


2.42 


2 


0.02 


1,194 


11.3 


204 


1.94 


1,865 


17.66 


399 


3.77 


34 


0.32 


1,254 


11.87 


193 


1.82 


56 


0.53 


1,164 


11.02 


132 


1.25 


26 


0.24 


1,464 


13.87 


75 


0.71 


283 


2.68 


34 


0.32 


42 


0.4 


1 


0.01 


16 


0.15 



100.00 



Total wages for one month, including amount received in excess of $S0.00 (see 
first item), $373,890.00. 

Average wages for one mouth, $35.88. 

Average wages for one month, if foremen are not considered In the calculation, 
$35.53. 



828 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



Table IV is a re-arrangement of the information given in de- 
tail in Table III. There is here given the number of persons 
and percentage receiving per month the following sums and 
more: $50.00, $40.00, $35.00, and $30.00; also the number and 
percentage receiving less than $30.00 per month. This table 
also disregards the classification as to employment which is else- 
where fully given : 

TABLE IV. 

LOGGING. 

(Season 1897-98.) 

The number of persons employed and per cent, at and above certain fixed sums 
per mouth, here indicated (not including 2,220 men working at day wages). 



Classification of monthly wages. 


Number 
persons. 


Per cent. 




302 

1,866 

5,786 

10,109 

451 

10. 560 


2.88 


$10.00 and over per month including board 


17.7 
54.81 




95.73 




4.27 




100.00 



In Table V appears the classification of employment, and the 
number and percentage of persons in each division of the work 
that receive the following sums and more per month: $50.00, 
$40.00, $35.00, and $30.00 ; also the number and percentage re- 
ceiving less than $30.00 per month. The information here 
shown is an amplification of previous tables ; the number and 
percentage, of persons receiving the specified amounts and over, 
referring only to the particular class of employment, and not to 
the industry as a whole : 



LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 



829 



TABLE V. 

LOGGING AND DRIVING. 

(Season 1S97-9S.) 

Classification of monthly wages paid in the timber woods during the season of 
1897-9S (not including 2,220 men at day wages), giving the number and per cent, 
of persons at, above and below certain fixed sums per month, including board. 



Classification. 


$50.00 

and over 

per month. 


$40.00 

and over 

per mouth. 


$35.00 

and over 

per month. 


$30.00 

and over 

per month. 


Less than 

$30.00 
per month. 




No. 


Per 

cent. 


No. 


Per 

cent. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 




Ill 


99. 


112 

223 
43 

473 
SI 

568 
31 
95 
22 

174 


100. 
8.6 
1.7 
















1,289 

7(13 


50.9 
27.8 
78.7 
51.4 
79.2 
89.4 
60.9 
36.4 
100. 
13.2 
75.5 
25.6 


2,481 

2,193 

1,367 

439 

2,024 

38 

352 

656 


98.3 

86.9 
100. 

97.3 
100. 
100. 
100. 

95.2 


26 
332 


1.7 








13.1 








34.3 |1,077 
17.9 1 233 
27.9 11,609 
81.5 1 34 
27. 214 










12 


2.7 




24 
20 


.9 
63.2 

5.7 


















3.1 

97.7 


251 
178 

21 
37 
28 


34 


4.8 




110 


41.7 






119 

49 
101 


75.3 

100. 
92.6 


39 


24.7 




17 

2 


34.6 
1.8 


33 
11 


67.3 
10. 






8 


7.4 







Table VI conveys the facts as to employes under consid- 
eration in still another form. 

The number of employes is shown for each class and the per- 
centage such number bears to the total of 10,560 (not including 
day men) ; also the total amount of wages for one month for each 
class, and the percentage it bears to the total wages for one 
month : 



TABLE VI. 

PERSONS EMPLOYED IN TIMBER WOODS. 

Aggregates showing number of persons in each classification and their total 
wages for one month, including per cent, of each with reference to the total. 



Classification. 



Number 

of 
persons. 



Per cent. 



Total 

wages for 

one month 

including 

cost of 

board. 



Per cent. 



Foremen 

Sawyers 

Swampers 

Loaders 

Chain tenders 

Teamsters 

Scalers 

Landing men 

Road makers 

Cooks 

Cooks' helpers 

Blacksmiths 

Miscellaneous J 

Totals 



112 

2.507 

2,525 

1,367 

451 

2,024 

3S 

352 

690 

178 

158 

49 

109 



10,560 



1.1 

23.7 

23.9 

13.1 

4.2 

19.2 

.3 

3.3 

6.5 

1.7 

1.5 

.4 

1.1 



100. 



$7,591.50 

87,153.50 

82,405.00 

51,893.50 

15.788.00 

75,811.00 

2,022.00 

12.9S6.0O 

23.035.00 

9,387.00 

4,947.00 

2,135.50 

3,735.00 



$378,890.00 



2. 
23. 
21.7 
13.9 

4.1 
20. 

0.5 

3.4 

6. 

2.5 

1.3 
.6 

1. 



100. 



830 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



Table VII discloses the number of persons employed in the 
timber woods during each of the months of the season of 
1897-98. 

It will be seen that during January, 1898, the greatest num- 
ber were employed. January is, therefore, taken as the stand- 
ard for full employment, 100^; that is, it is assumed for the 
purpose of comparison, that all persons qualified and available 
to Avork in this industry were then at work. 

With January as a basis, the percentages of "Employment" 
and "Unemployment" of the other eleven months are calculated 
and here shown. Thus in February the percentage of employ- 
ment was 95+^ of the standard and the percentage of those idle 
was 4+;/. 

TABLE VII. 
LOGGING AND DRIVING. 



Aggregates by months' during the logging season of 1S97-9S, showing the per- 
centage of those employed and unemployed. 



Months. 



1897— 

November 

December 

1898— 

January , 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 



Number 
persons. 



S.703 
10,669 

11,130 
10,630 

7,652 
2.1S2 
2,273 
2,290 
1,686 
1.318 
2,407 
4,224 



Percentage. 



Of em- 
ployment. 



78.19 
95.85 

100.00 
95.51 
68.75 
19.60 
20.42 
20.57 
15.15 
11.84 
21.62 
37.95 



Of unem- 
ployment. 



21.81 
4.15 



4.49 
31.25 
80.40 
79.58 
79.43 
84.85 
SS.16 
78.38 
62.05 



Tables VIII and IX deal with the day labor employed in 
driving logs. 

In the former the amounts paid as wages are arranged in de- 
scending scale and opposite thereto appear the number and per- 
centage of persons receiving each sum per day, including board. 

In Table IX the showing is condensed and the number and 
percentage of employes is given that receive per day the follow- 
ing sums and more: $3.00, $2.50, and $2.00; also the number 
and percentage of persons earning $2.00 per day and less. 



LOGGERS, ETC., 1898-1899. 



831 



TABLE VIII. 

LOG DRIVING. 

The number of persons employed at driving logs in the timber woods during 
the season of 1897-98, at specified daily wages and board. 



Classification of daily wages. 



Number 


Per cent. 


persons. 




15 


0.65 


128 


5.80 


162 


7.24 


107 


4.90 


945 


42.60 


181 


8.09 


274 


12.30 


30 


1.40 


58 


2.60 


232 


10.40 


40 


1.90 


20 


0.90 


23 


1.00 


5 


0.22 



$3.40 and over per day and board. 

3.00 per day and board 

2.75 per day and board 

2.65 per day and board 

2.50 per day and board 

2.40 per day and board 

2.25 per day and board 

2.20 per day and board 

2.15 per day and board 

2.00 per day and board 

1.90 per day and board 

1.75 per day and board 

1.50 per day and board 

1.40 per day and board 



Totals 



2,220 



100.00 



Total wages for one day, $5,285. 
Average Mages for one clay, $2.38. 

TABLE IX. 

LOG DRIVING. 
Tlie nrnnner of persons employed and per cent, at and above certain fixed 
Minis per day, here indicated. 



Classification of daily wages. 



[Number 
of 

persons. 



Per crnt. 



$3.00 and over per day including board 

$2.50 and over per day including board , 

$2.00 and over per day including board 

Less than $2.00 per day including board 
Totals 



143 

1,357 

2, 132 

88 

2,220 



6.45 
61.19 
95.98 

4.02 
100.00 



The preceding tables and the deductions and comments made 
thereon have been based upon the rate per month in the case of 
employes generally in the timber woods and the rate per day in 
the case of log drivers. As has been noted, the men receive 
board in addition to the wages shown. 

In order that the earnings in this employment may be intel- 
ligently compared and considered with the earnings in other 
occupations, the wages have been reduced to a weekly rate, and 
$12.00 per month, which is generally recognized as the value of 
board in the woods, or $3.00 per week, has been added in order 
that the basis may be uniform. 



832 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES. 



The monthly earnings shown in Table III have been reduced 
to a weekly basis in the above table and $3.00 per week added 
for cost of board. 

THE NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE TIM- 
BER W T OODS DURING THE SEASON OP 1S97-9S, AT SPECIFIED 
WEEKLY WAGES. 

The monthly earnings shown in table III. have been reduced to a weekly 
basis in the above table, and $3.00 per week added for cost of board. 



Classification of weekly wages. 


Number. 


Per cent. 




1 


$5.00 per week but under 
6.00 per week but under 
7.00 per week but under 
8.00 per week but under 
9.00 per wees hut under 
10.00 per week but under 
12.00 per week but under 


$6.00 


| 


7.00 






8.00 






9.(HJ 






lO.Ofl | 


93 1 
5.080. 1 
5,047 
266 

74 1 


0.88 


12.00 | 


48.08 


15.00 


47.80 


20.00 


2.53 






0.71 








Totals 


10,560 

1 


100. oft 







THE NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF PERSONS EMPLOYED AT DRIVING 
LOGS IN THE TIMBER WOODS DURING THE SEASON OF 1S97-98, AT 
SPECIFIED WEEKLY WAGES. 

The daily earnings as exhibited in table VIII. have been changed in this 
table to a weekly basis of earnings, and $3.00 per week has been added to 
embrace the cost of board in the rate per week. 



Classification of weekly earnings. 



Number. 



Per cent. 



Under $5.00 per week 

$5.00 per week but under $6.00. 

6.00 per week but under 7.00. 

7.00 per week but under 8.00. 

8.00 per week but uuder 9.00. 

9.00 per week but under 10.00. 
10.00 per week but under 12.00. 
12.00 per week but under 15.00. 
15.00 per week but under 20.00. 
20.00 per week and over 



Totals 



5 
83 

1,989 
143 



2,220 



0.22 

3.80 

89.53 

6.45 



100. 00 



COMPARISON OF RESULTS. 



The foregoing pages in this part have been devoted to investi- 
gations of the "Classified Weekly Earning" and numerous 
other facts concerning the conditions of "Employment" in 1898, 
first, of 96,081 persons employed in 55 industries in the manu- 
facturing line; second, of 13,808 persons employed in 6 in- 
dustries in the mercantile line; third, of 18,800 persons em- 
ployed in 14 so-called skilled trades, 2,164 persons employed 



SUMMARIES, 1898-1899. 



833 



in Coal handling, 1,284 persons employed in Mining, 1,168 
persons employed in Stone Quarries ; fourth, of 12,780 per- 
sons employed in logging, etc., in the timber woods. The data 
for each of these investigations have been presented and ex- 
plained with considerable detail and the results fully stated. 
The most important among the results thus obtained are, per- 
haps, those which relate to the "Classified Earnings" and the 
"Range of Unemployment ;" and, in order to facilitate compari- 
sons as between the industries, these results are again presented 
in the following two exhibits : 

COMPARISON OF EARNINGS IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES IN 1S98. 





Number 
of per- 
sons em 
ployed. 


Pee Cent, of Person 


3 Receiving 


Industries . 


£9.00 per 

week 
and over. 


87 00 pei 

week 
and over. 


B6.00 pei 

week 
and over 


55.00 pei 

week 
and over. 


Un der 

go 00 per 

week. 




96,081 
13.S08 
18.800 
2,164 
1,284 
1,163 
12,780 


42.53 
36.71 
69.12 
72.68 
34.68 
43.35 
100.00 


68.24 
55.82 
83.83 
95.13 
97.44 
81.53 


77.44 
68.63 
88.70 
97.81 
99.85 
91.63 


82. «9 
78.98 
92.19 
98.82 
99.85 
98.13 


17.11 
21.02 


Skilled trades 


7.81 


Coal, wood handling 


1.18 
.15 




1.87 













*No one under $9.00 per week. 

The above presentation exhibits, by industries, the per cent, 
of persons who received specified sums and over per week, when 
employed. Seven industries are included. Of these, the first 
in order, or manufacturers, is one which requires both skilled 
and unskilled help. The second in order is mercantile estab- 
lishments. Those employed there are mostly salaried persons, 
and persons of some education. For purposes of comparison, 
however, they have been included here. Next is the skilled 
trades. Then comes coal handlers, miners, quarrymen, and 
loggers. These four are usually classed as unskilled labor. 
They are occupations, however, where a great deal of physical 
strength is required. 

Now as to the earnings. In this respect it is difficult to ex- 
plain their relative position. In manufactures we find that 
42.53 per cent, of the whole number reported in this industry 
earned $9.00 and over per week. From this it follows that 
57.47 per cent, received less than this amount. The next class 
53 



834 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



is $7.00 and over. Here we find 68.24 per cent, of the employes. 
At $6.00- and over 77.44 per cent., and in $5.00 and over 
28.89 per cent., while 17.11 per cent, received less than $5.00. 
These facts indicate fairly well the position of manufactures. 
Comparing them with those for the other industries it is possi- 
ble to point out the position of each. Thus we find that the mer- 
cantile lines show a lower scale than manufactures, in fact, the 
lowest for all. Manufactures has the second place ; Quarrying 
the third ; Mining the fourth ; Skilled trades the fifth ; Coal, etc., 
handlers the sixth and logging the seventh or highest place. 
The so-called skilled trades are thus immediately preceded, in 
point of earnings, by two as well as followed by two occupations 
usually classed as common labor. That common labor should 
show an earning practically on the par with skilled hands may 
not look right. When it is remembered, however, that the occu- 
pations here classed as labor are among the highest paid, and 
their work of such character as to exclude women and minors, 
and when the facts also are considered that the above figures 
for the skilled trades include besides the skilled hands not only 
the unskilled, helpers and laborers employed, but women and 
minors as well, the situation becomes plain. 

This conveys some idea of the relative earnings per week, or 
for six working days, in the different industries. About the pos- 
sible earnings for longer periods, a year for instance, the facts 
given disclose nothing. "For this reason the following exhibit, 
which shows the range of unemployment for each of the in- 
dustries, is also included : 

RANGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES IN 1898. 



Months. 



Manu 
factures. 



Mercan- 
tile lines. 



Skilled 
trades. 



Coal, 

etc.. 

handli'g. 



MiDiu ^ Q h£7" 



Lodging, 
driving. 



January ... 
February 

March 

April , 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October . . 
November 
December , 



Averages 



17.04 

15.76 

12.00 

4.76 

.32 



.59 

.66 

.97 

2.03 

4.70 

9.03 

6.37 



12.36 

12.86 
11.36 
8.64 
7.06 
5.84 
7.06 
8.07 
4.82 
2.75 
2.33 



7.50 



42.93 
41.08 
30.88 
14.67 
9.43 



2.00 
5.42 
5.93 
2.49 
15.89 
28.56 

16.60 



33.89 
40.08 
43.08 
43. 28 
34.95 
30.31 
22.17 
21.01 
19.66 



14.04 
23.53 



27.16 



4.72 
4.49 



7.35 
6.50 
7.65 
5.19 
2.63 
3.10 
3.10 
7.20 
7.74 

4.95 



50.93 
50. U 
46.21 
19.10 

21.57 



6.18 
9.66 
6.99 
7.60 
18.50 
47.69 

23.00 



4.49 
31.25 
80.40 
79.58 
79.43 
84.85 
88.16 
78.38 
62.05 
21.81 

4.15 

55.87 



SUMMARIES, 1898-1899. 835 

This exhibit shows, as said, the "Range of Unemployment" 
for the seven industries included. The month when the greatest 
number were employed is regarded as full employment. For the 
other months the range is denoted by the per cent, of the num- 
ber employed of the number for the month with the greatest 
number. This is readily illustrated. In manufacturing, for 
instance, the greatest number for any month were found for 
June. This month, therefore, there was no unemployment. 
The smallest number was found for January. The number for 
this month constituted 17.04 per cent, of those for January, and 
this per cent, is, therefore, regarded as the range of unemploy- 
ment for that month, or for January. For the other months 
the range is more narrow. In four cases it is only a fraction of 
one per cent. The average monthly unemployment for this in- 
dustry is 6.37 per cent. 

In mercantile lines the greatest number were employed in 
December and the smallest in February, and the range for these 
months was 12.86 per cent. The average range was 7.50 per 
cent., or nearly the same as for manufactures. 

In the skilled trades, June was the greatest and January the 
smallest in point of the number employed. The range of un- 
employment for this month was 42.93 per cent., while the aver- 
age was 16.60 per cent. 

For Coal handlers the widest range was 43.28 per cent., and 
the average 27.16 per cent. For Mining the range was narrow, 
the average being only 4.95 per cent. For Quarrymen and Log- 
gers, on the other hand, the range was extremely wide. For the 
former it amounted to over one-half ; in the latter almost nine- 
tenths when the lowest number were employed. The average 
range for these two industries was 23.00 and 55.87 per cent., re- 
spectively. This illustrates how irregular employment is and 
how small is the chance for a large portion of the workers to 
■find steady employment in one occupation. 



836 



LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



INDEX. 



PART VI, 1898-1899. -RETURNS OF MANUFACTURERS, MER- 
CANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS, SKILLED TRADES 
AND LOGGING INDUSTRY. 

Pages. 

Manufacturers' Returns 710-756 

Introductory Outline 710-712 

Persons employed by mouths, by manufacturing industries, classified.. . 713-716 

Same; analysis of returns 726-729 

Monthly range of employment and unemployment 730 

Smallest number of persons employed 731-733 

Average numbar of persons employed 731-735 

Greatest number of persons employed 735 

Persons employed by hour, day and piece, by manufacturing indus- 
tries, classified 717-719 

Same ; analysis of returns 738-746 

Classified weekly earnings in manufacturing industries, classified 720-725 

Same ; analysis of returns 746-756 

Manufacturing industries embraced under the above heads: 

Beveriges (soft drinks) 713,717,720 

Chemical preparations 713, 717, 720 

Coal and wood 713,71", 721 

Electric light, power and street railway 714,717,721 

Fancy articles 714,71s, 722 

Food preparations 714, 71*. 722 

Grain and warehousemen 715, 718, 723 

Laundries 715, 718, 723 

Lithographing and engraving 715,719,724 

Mixed Textiles 716,719,724 

; Railway equipment 716,719,725 

Miscellaneous 716,719,725 

Returns of Mercantile Establishments 757-778 

General comment and outline 757-758 

Persons employed by months, by industries classified 759-761 

Same ; analysis of returns 761-763 

Total number of persons, range of employment and unemployment. 763-764 
Classified weekly earnings in mercantile establishments, by indus- 
tries, classified 761-768 

Same ; analysis of returns 768-778 

Mercantile industries embraced under the above heads : 

Boots and shoes 759-764 

Drugs 759-765 

Dry goods 759-765 

General stores , 760-766 

Groceries 760-766 

Hardware : 760-767 



INDEX TO PART VI. 837 

* PAGES. 

Returns of Skilled Trades 779-818 

Introduction 779-782 

Classified weekly earnings ; employed by hour, day and piece 783-797 

Number employed by mouths, by skilled trades, classified ; analysis of 

classified weekly earnings 798-803 

Analysis of day, hour and piece hand s 803-805 

Analysis of persons employed, range of employment and unemployment 805-807 

Analysis, general 806-812 

Comparative exhibits of skilled trades as to 

Days in operation 808 

Hours of labor 809 

Accidents . . 809 

Wages and salaries 810 

Fourteen skilled trades embraced under the above heads: 

Bakeries 783 

Blaek.smithing 784 

Brick and stone masons 785 

Carpenters and building 786 

Carriage and wagon making 787 

Machinists 788 

Marble and stone cutting 789 

Merchant tailoring 790 

General contracting 791 

Painting 792 

Plumbing 793 

Printing and publishing 794 

Tinsmiths 795 

Welldrive rs 796 



Returns of Coal and Wood Handling, Mining and Quarrying: with 
classified weekly earnings ; hour, day and piece hands; number em- 
ployed by months, etc 812-815 

Same; totals combined with those of the skilled trades 816 

Analysis 817-818 



Returns of Logging and Driving 

General comment 

Table I, persons employed at various occupations involved in this in- 
dustry 

Table II, number employed in each class and range of wages paid. . .. 

Table III, number employed at specified monthly wages 

Table IV, same ; condensed ' 

Table V, number and per cent, of each class receiving certain fixed 
sums 

Tables VI and VII, aggregates 

Tables VIII and IX, persons employed by da.ys ; wages at log driving 
and classified earnings 

Analysis of returns , 



819-832 


819 


820-826 


826 


S27 


828 


829 


829-830 


830-831 


831-832 



838 ' LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

Logging and Driving— continued. 

Occupations in timber woods embraced in the logging industry : PAGES. 

Foremen 820 

Sawyers 820 

Swampers 821 

Loaders 821 

Chaintenders 822 

Teamsters 822 

Scalers 823 

Landing man 823 

Road makers 824 

Cooks 824 

Cooks' helpers 825 

Blacksmiths 825 

Miscellaneous 826 

COM PARISON OF RESULTS AN D SU M MAR IES 832-835 



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